{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:06:56Z","timestamp":1774397216884,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]],"date-time":"2017-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495497600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017000854_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study aimed to evaluate the association of 4-year-old children\u2019s dietary patterns with adiposity at 7 years, according to child\u2019s sex, using a conceptual model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017000854_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort study. Diet was assessed using an FFQ. Age- and sex-specific BMI standard deviation scores (<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>-scores) were defined according to the WHO. Fat mass percentage (FM%), fat mass index (FMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were also considered, converted into <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>-scores using sex-specific means and standard deviations of the current sample. Dietary patterns were identified by latent class analysis and their association with adiposity was estimated by linear regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017000854_abs3\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Population-based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal, 2005\u20132006).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017000854_abs4\" sec-type=\"subjects\"><jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 3473) evaluated at both 4 and 7 years of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017000854_abs5\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three dietary patterns were identified: high in energy-dense foods (EDF); low in foods typically consumed at main meals and intermediate in snacks (Snacking); and higher in vegetables and fish and lower in EDF (Healthier, reference). The EDF dietary pattern at 4 years of age was positively associated with later BMI only in girls (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7075, 95 % CI 0\u00b7009, 0\u00b7140, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-interaction=0\u00b7046). The EDF dietary pattern was also associated with other adiposity indicators only in girls (FMI: <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7071, 95 % CI 0\u00b7000, 0\u00b7142; WHtR: <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b7094, 95 % CI 0\u00b7023, 0\u00b7164). Snacking was not significantly associated with any marker of adiposity in either girls or boys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980017000854_abs6\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although dietary patterns and adiposity persisted across the two ages in both sexes, EDF at 4 years of age increased adiposity at 7 years of age only in girls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980017000854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,23]],"date-time":"2017-05-23T06:10:49Z","timestamp":1495519849000},"page":"1973-1982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Association between dietary patterns and adiposity from 4 to 7 years of 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