{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T23:21:31Z","timestamp":1751239291336},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000661_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate daily eating frequency (main meals and snacks) in relation to weight status in children aged 3\u20139 years, representative of the Portuguese population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000661_as2\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was estimated as the mean of two non-consecutive days of food diaries, followed by face-to-face interviews. Weight and height were measured by trained observers. Eating occasions (EO) were defined by the children\u2019s caregiver; an EO was considered separate if the time of consumption was different from other EO and it provided at least 209 kJ (50 kcal). Main meals defined as \u2018breakfast\u2019, \u2018lunch\u2019 and \u2018dinner\u2019 could be selected only once per day. The remaining EO were considered snacks. The association between eating frequency and overweight\/obesity was evaluated through logistic regressions weighted for the population distribution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000661_as3\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese population, 2015\u20132016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000661_as4\"><jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Portuguese children aged 3\u20139 years with complete dietary data and anthropometric measurements (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> 517).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000661_as5\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, the number of daily EO ranged from 3\u00b75 to 11, and on average children had 5\u00b77 daily EO. After adjustment for child\u2019s sex, age and total energy intake, and considering only plausible energy intake reporters, having &lt; 3 snacks\/d was positively associated with being overweight\/obese (OR = 1\u00b798; 95 % CI 1\u00b700, 3\u00b790), compared with having \u2265 3 snacks\/d.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1368980019000661_as6\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lower daily frequency of EO was associated with increased odds of being overweight or obese in children. A higher eating frequency, maintaining the same energy intake, seems to contribute to a healthy body weight in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980019000661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T07:44:36Z","timestamp":1558424676000},"page":"2793-2802","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Eating frequency and weight status in Portuguese children aged 3\u20139 years: results from the cross-sectional National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Vilela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Severo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Duarte","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"and the IAN-AF Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012094"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref37","first-page":"5","article-title":"Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work","volume":"39","author":"Schofield","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hum Nutr Clin Nutr"},{"volume-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development","year":"2006","key":"S1368980019000661_ref33"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803456"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.265"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0084-3"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017004153"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0245"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422414000262"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2004.06.003"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29786"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012004296"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.72"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.114389"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000452"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-98"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.1.e13"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000994"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199906000-00024"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2005.04.002"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.8990"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref28","first-page":"3944","article-title":"Guidance on the EU Menu methodology","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v009.i08"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2140"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00236.x"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.51"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6787.2008.00127.x"},{"volume-title":"Food Composition Table","year":"2006","key":"S1368980019000661_ref31"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1292"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390903572479"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00936.x"},{"key":"S1368980019000661_ref36","first-page":"569","article-title":"Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. 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