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Additional fish were transferred to clean water for 14 days to assess the ability to recover from exposure to TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs. Activities of the enzyme glutathione-<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) (malondialdheyde) were measured as indicators of oxidative stress. Histological and ultra-structural changes in livers from bothspecies of fish were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Results show a general GST activity increase according to TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>NPs concentrations, which is in agreement with data from LPO. After 21 days, GST activities decreased possibly caused by suppression of GST synthesis as a result of severe stress. Histological and ultra-structural analysis of livers from exposed fish show degeneration of the hepatic tissue and alterations in hepatocytes such as glycogen depletion and an increase in lipofucsin lysosome-like granules. After a depuration period a partial recovery for biochemical markers and cells was observed. The results suggest that TiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>promotes alterations in hepatic tissues compatible with oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1431927613013238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,9]],"date-time":"2013-08-09T14:43:29Z","timestamp":1376059409000},"page":"1131-1140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Liver Alterations in Two Freshwater Fish Species (<i>Carassius auratus<\/i>and<i>Danio rerio<\/i>) Following Exposure to Different TiO<sub>2<\/sub>Nanoparticle Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1rio S.","family":"Diniz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio P. 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