{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:58:12Z","timestamp":1761155892849},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]],"date-time":"2015-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421366400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microsc Microanal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objects of this study are various local charters (<jats:italic>cartas de foral<\/jats:italic>, in Portuguese) granted by Dom Manuel I, King of Portugal (1495\u20131521), which substituted for medieval ones and were intended to achieve an administrative unification. These are luxuriously illuminated manuscripts, and our study aims at obtaining a better understanding of the gilding and silvering techniques applied to the parchments, in which the<jats:italic>forais<\/jats:italic>were written, between 1500 and 1520. The combined use of microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy analyses allowed us to identify the vestigial materials used for making the parchments, including products such as salt (NaCl), lime (CaO), pumice stone (SiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>+Al<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), and chalk (CaCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>). Chalk was employed as a whitening agent to give the parchment its final color and opacity. Shell-gold and shell-silver mixed in with animal glue or gum binding media were directly applied on type 1 and 3<jats:italic>forais<\/jats:italic>, while very thin gold leaves (&lt;1<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>m) were applied over lead-based tempera grounds (50\u2013180<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>m thick) in type 2<jats:italic>forais.<\/jats:italic>Silver was always employed in its finest form without a further protective layer (thus its recursive state of corrosion), while gold was used in various alloy grades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1431927614013646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]],"date-time":"2015-01-16T09:10:42Z","timestamp":1421399442000},"page":"20-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Microscopy and X-Ray Spectroscopy Analyses for Assessment of Gilding and Silvering Techniques of Portuguese Illuminated Manuscripts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Le Gac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabel D.","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Frade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Longelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Manso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Pessanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Isabel M.","family":"Seruya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"The use of ultraviolet induced visible-fluorescence in the examination of museum objects, Part II","volume":"1\/10","author":"Grant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conserve 0 Gram"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref5","volume-title":"Os Forais de D. Manuel 1495\u20131520","author":"Chor\u00e3o","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2012.739228"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/archeosciences.2095"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref129","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Contracto pera a pintura e estoffo do retabolo da Igreja Matriz de Escalham","author":"Fernandes","year":"1524"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref6","volume-title":"Medieval Painters\u2019 Materials and Techniques: The Montpellier Liber Diversarum Atrium","author":"Clarke","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ja10226a"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2012.05.014"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2009.09.006"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/xrs.2518"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref4","volume-title":"De Arte Illuminandi","author":"Brunello","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref30","volume-title":"Theophilus. On Divers Arts. The Foremost Medieval Treatise on Painting, Glassmaking and Metalwork","author":"Smith","year":"1979"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref19","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Parchment and Leather Heritage. Conservation-Restoration","author":"Le Gac","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref29","first-page":"3","article-title":"\u201cMappae clavicula\u201d. A little key to the world of medieval techniques","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans Am Philosl Soc"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-013-7748-6"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref2","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Medieval and Renaissance Treatises on the Arts of Painting. Original Texts with English Translations","author":"Audemar","year":"1967"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref3","first-page":"177","article-title":"Sulphur distribution in parchment and leather exposed to sulphur dioxide","volume":"84","author":"Bowden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Soc Leath Tech Chem"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref119","first-page":"107","volume-title":"O Foral Manuelino de Marv\u00e3o","author":"Claro","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref7","volume-title":"De Materia Medica: Being an Herbal with Many Other Medicinal Materials","author":"Dioscorides","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0676-y"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(00)00467-4"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref10","volume-title":"Forais novos do reinado de D. Manuel","author":"Garcia","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/xrs.2491"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/9\/305"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref14","unstructured":"Herrington R. , Boni M. , Skarpelis N. & Large D. (2007). Palaeoclimate, weathering and ore deposits: A European perspective. In Digging Deeper. Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial SGA Meeting, Andrew C.J. et al. (Eds.), pp. 1373\u20131376. Dublin: Trinity College."},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref17","volume-title":"Microanalysis of Parchment","author":"Larsen","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2013.07.027"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/archeosciences.2562"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proche.2013.03.026"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2012.11.110"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)14841-3","article-title":"Electrochemical cleaning of artificially tarnishing silver","volume":"8","author":"Novakovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Electrochem Sci"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref28","unstructured":"(ca. 1425\u20131450) (1967). Secreti per colori. In Medieval and Renaissance Treatises on the Arts of Painting. Original Texts with English Translations, Merrifield M.P. (Ed.), pp. 341\u2013383. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications Inc."},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref31","first-page":"225","volume-title":"The Materials of the Image","author":"Strolovitch","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref230","author":"Vasari","year":"1907"},{"key":"S1431927614013646_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2007.02.003"}],"container-title":["Microscopy and Microanalysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1431927614013646","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T01:18:30Z","timestamp":1690852710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mam\/article\/21\/1\/20\/6953368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1431927614013646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1431927614013646","relation":{},"ISSN":["1431-9276","1435-8115"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1431-9276","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-8115","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]]}}}