{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T21:51:21Z","timestamp":1767995481031,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,23]],"date-time":"2015-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424649600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microsc Microanal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper reports an unusual green pigment, brochantite (Cu<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>(SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>)(OH)<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>), on 16th-century Portuguese-Flemish paintings, attributed to the Master Frei Carlos workshop. This green mineral is usually identified as an impurity or alteration product in the green pigments verdigris (Cu(CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>COO)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>Cu(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) or malachite (CuCO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> Cu(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). However, after thorough investigation with a broad range of analytical techniques, it became clear that, in this case, brochantite was applied as a pigment. The abundance, pigment granulometry, and pigment morphology suggest intentional use by this Portuguese-Flemish Master as a natural pigment rather than its accidental use as an alteration product. This seems to be a distinguishable feature to other painters (Flemish and Portuguese) working in Portugal at the beginning of the 16th century.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The multi-analytical study of these easel paintings was first performed by physical imaging techniques and material characterization was carried out by optical microscopy, micro-Fourier-transform infrared-spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and micro-X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1431927615000094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,23]],"date-time":"2015-02-23T14:40:04Z","timestamp":1424702404000},"page":"518-525","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["On the Use of the Unusual Green Pigment Brochantite (Cu<sub>4<\/sub>(SO<sub>4<\/sub>)(OH)<sub>6<\/sub>) in the 16th-Century Portuguese-Flemish Paintings Attributed to The Master Frei Carlos Workshop"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Valadas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita V.","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina B.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vandenabeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Candeias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1431927615000094_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemer.2012.12.002"},{"key":"S1431927615000094_ref42","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Copper As Canvas: Two Centuries of Masterpiece Paintings on Copper 1575\u20131775","author":"Westermann","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1431927615000094_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(03)00081-7"},{"key":"S1431927615000094_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-1425(03)00069-6"},{"key":"S1431927615000094_ref45","first-page":"276","volume-title":"Primitivos Portugueses 1450\u20131550\u2014O Seculo de Nuno Goncalves","author":"Caetano","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1431927615000094_ref29","volume-title":"Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopedia","author":"Gettens","year":"1947"},{"key":"S1431927615000094_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2004-0726"},{"key":"S1431927615000094_ref12","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Convento do Espinheiro, Mem\u00f3ria e Patrim\u00f3nio","author":"Carvalho","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1431927615000094_ref2","volume-title":"Pintura Portuguesa do Renascimento. 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