{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:39:36Z","timestamp":1777549176853,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. Pol. Sci. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Does ideological polarization undermine or strengthen people\u2019s principled support for democracy? In this study, we suggest that different manifestations of ideological polarization have different implications in this respect. Using data from 11 surveys conducted with representative samples of the adult populations of a group of liberal democratic countries, part of the Comparative National Elections Project, we look at how people\u2019s level of ideological extremism and their perceptions of ideological polarization in their countries\u2019 party systems are related with their support for democracy. We show that citizens who hold more extreme ideological positions are indeed less supportive of democracy and that such a negative relationship is strengthened as citizens\u2019 extremism increases. However, we also show that the citizens who display higher levels of principled support for democracy are those who perceive parties to be neither too distant nor too close to each other in ideological terms. In other words, while a very polarized partisan supply seems to undermine popular commitment with democracy, very low polarization may have similar consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1755773922000066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T09:08:36Z","timestamp":1646384916000},"page":"188-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Ideological extremism, perceived party system polarization, and support for democracy"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0060-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Torcal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8934-4552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro C.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068815576291"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17457289.2019.1593181"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfu039"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12234"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2007.11.010"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:POBE.0000022344.05382.b4"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108671019"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref96","unstructured":"Ross, N. (2019), Generalized additive models in R: a free interactive course. Retrieved 1 March 2021 from https:\/\/noamross.github.io\/gams-in-r-course\/"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0951692899011004001"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619875472"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511750311"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12452"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764218759576"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17457289.2014.996157"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13510347.2020.1827230"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref74","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Citizens and the European Polity: Mass Attitudes towards the European and National Polities","author":"Schmitt","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055419000558"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2017.0000"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.2014.952397"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6765.12502"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref8","first-page":"242","article-title":"Meaning and forms of political extremism in past and present","volume":"9","author":"Backes","year":"2007","journal-title":"St\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9 Politick\u00e9 Studie"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2019.04.009"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420010404"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2019.0039"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6765.12353"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref3","unstructured":"Alexander, A.C. and Welzel, C. (2017), The myth of deconsolidation: rising liberalism and the populist reaction (No. 10). ILE working paper series. Retrieved 12 June 2021 from https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/170694\/1\/ile-wp-2017-10.pdf"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref68","article-title":"Just like the others: party differences, perception, and satisfaction with democracy","author":"Ridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Party Politics"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2012.713744"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soscij.2019.03.004"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199276382.001.0001"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199273219.003.0005"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613494848"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2021.102311"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198716334.003.0006"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199246742.003.0004"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123408000501"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref47","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Citizens, Context, and Choice: How Context Shapes Citizens\u2019 Electoral Choices","author":"Kittilson","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0951692895007004002"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414011407471"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref7","unstructured":"Arzheimer, K. (2011), Radical Attitudes, in B. Badie, D. Berg-Schlosser and L. Morlino (eds), International Encyclopedia of Political Science, Thousand Oaks: Sage."},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00018132"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055420000052"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12449"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-014-9279-z"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2016.0049"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mph003"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-018-9476-2"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139540919"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref36","volume-title":"centere Parties. Polarization and Competition in European Parliamentary Democracies","author":"Hazan","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcy053"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5964\/jspp.v5i2.745"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref63","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Party Politics and Democracy in Europe: Essays in Honour of Peter Mair","author":"Pardos-Prado","year":"2016"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381608080493"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref83","first-page":"29","article-title":"El origen y la evoluci\u00f3n del apoyo a la democracia en Espa\u00f1a. La construcci\u00f3n del apoyo incondicional en las nuevas democracias","volume":"18","author":"Torcal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Ciencia Pol\u00edtica"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199548996.003.0004","volume-title":"The Legitimacy of the European Union after Enlargement","author":"van der Brug","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414015592643"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2508.2007.00503.x"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199273219.003.0006"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9693-5"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2008.06.002"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref18","volume-title":"Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization","author":"Carothers","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref75","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Citizens and the State","author":"Schmitt","year":"1995"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0951692800012001002"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voeten, E. (2016), Are people really turning away from democracy? Retrieved 1 May 2021 from https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2882878","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2882878"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2350050305"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-009-9094-0"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381611001721"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref27","volume-title":"An Economic Theory of Democracy","author":"Downs","year":"1957"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1468109910000277"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref1","volume-title":"The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049096503001689"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfw005"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref56","volume-title":"The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes","author":"Linz","year":"1979"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref71","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change","author":"Sani","year":"1983"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199548996.003.0002","volume-title":"The Legitimacy of the European Union after Enlargement","author":"Schmitt","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6765.2007.00708.x"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref72","volume-title":"Parties and Party Systems. A Framework for Analysis","author":"Sartori","year":"1976"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706588114"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3441052"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6765.12429"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfs038"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-018-0802-x"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615569849"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2020.102199"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref30","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Red and Blue Nation? Characteristics, Causes and Chronology of America\u2019s Polarized Politics","author":"Fiorina","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1956436"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414008315860"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.03.003"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref67","first-page":"143","volume-title":"La Ciudadan\u00eda Europea en el Siglo XXI. Estudio Comparado de Sus Actitudes, Opini\u00f3n P\u00fablica y Comportamiento Pol\u00edtico","author":"Rico","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414012463880"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9789048513369-012"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068809346077"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123420000149"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/lar.2016.0022"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref25","unstructured":"Dalton, R.J. (2017), Party system polarization index for CSES modules 1\u20134. Retrieved 1 March 2021 from https:\/\/cses.org\/data-download\/download-data-documentation\/party-system-polarization-index-for-cses-modules\u22121\u22124\/"},{"key":"S1755773922000066_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511975868"}],"container-title":["European Political Science Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1755773922000066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T11:20:15Z","timestamp":1700306415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1755773922000066\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1755773922000066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1755773922000066","relation":{},"ISSN":["1755-7739","1755-7747"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1755-7739","type":"print"},{"value":"1755-7747","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]}}}