{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:33:36Z","timestamp":1787045616828,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-001"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-009"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000121","name":"Division of Mathematical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-1721024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-1721024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000121","name":"Division of Mathematical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-1761320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-1761320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002491","name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004948","name":"Michigan Economic Development Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004948","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM126189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM126189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000145","name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS1900473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS1900473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tremendous effort has been given to the development of diagnostic tests, preventive vaccines, and therapeutic medicines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Much of this development has been based on the reference genome collected on January 5, 2020. Based on the genotyping of 15\u202f140 genome samples collected up to June 1, 2020, we report that SARS-CoV-2 has undergone 8309 single mutations which can be clustered into six subtypes. We introduce mutation ratio and mutation h-index to characterize the protein conservativeness and unveil that SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein, main protease, and endoribonuclease protein are relatively conservative, while SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, spike protein, and papain-like protease are relatively nonconservative. In particular, we have identified mutations on 40% of nucleotides in the nucleocapsid gene in the population level, signaling potential impacts on the ongoing development of COVID-19 diagnosis, vaccines, and antibody and small-molecular drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.0c00501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T11:25:21Z","timestamp":1591961121000},"page":"5853-5865","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Decoding SARS-CoV\u20112 Transmission and Evolution\nand Ramifications for COVID-19 Diagnosis, Vaccine, and Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University , , , ,","place":["East Lansing, Michigan, United States, 48824"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Hozumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University , , , ,","place":["East Lansing, Michigan, United States, 48824"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changchuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago , , , ,","place":["Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60607"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5781-2937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guo-Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University , , , ,","place":["East Lansing, Michigan, United States, 48824"]},{"name":"Michigan State University , , , ,","place":["East Lansing, Michigan, United States, 48824"]},{"name":"Michigan State University , , , ,","place":["East\nLansing, Michigan, United States, 48824"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081804362364200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.025","article-title":"Potent neutralizing antibodies against\nSARS-CoV-2 identified by high-throughput single-cell sequencing of\nconvalescent patients b cells","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026081804362364200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2210\/pdb6VYO\/pdb","article-title":"Crystal structure\nof RNA binding\ndomain of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein from SARS coronavirus 2","volume-title":"Wordwide PDB","author":"Chang","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026081804362364200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","article-title":"Detection\nof 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) by real-time RT-PCR","author":"Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081804362364200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002315","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002315","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory\nsyndrome coronavirus envelope protein regulates cell stress response\nand apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"DeDiego","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026081804362364200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, C.; He, X.\n          K-means\nclustering via principal\ncomponent analysis. In Proceedings of the\ntwenty-first international conference on Machine learning, 2004, p 29.","DOI":"10.1145\/1015330.1015408"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081804362364200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718806115","article-title":"Structural and molecular\nbasis of mismatch correction and ribavirin excision from coronavirus\nRNA","volume":"115","author":"Ferron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 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