{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:30:13Z","timestamp":1790883013066,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In recent years, deep learning models have attracted much attention for classification purposes in chemometrics. The popularity of deep learning models in this field comes from their unique features like universal approximation capability with the desired accuracy. Deep learning classifiers use several intelligent processing layers to model mixed, complex, and nonlinear patterns in the underlying data sets, which is why the development of deep learning based models has never been stopped in the chemometrics literature. Despite the variety of deep learning classification models used in this field, they all use a continuous distance-based cost function in their learning processes. Although using a continuous cost function for learning deep classifiers is a common approach, it conflicts with the discrete nature of the classification problem. In fact, applying a continuous cost function for inherently discrete classification problems can reduce the performance of the classification. In this research, a novel discrete learning based classification approach is proposed and implemented on a deep feed-forward neural network as one of the most commonly used deep learning models to develop a different learning process for deep classification models. The basis of the proposed learning approach is maximizing a discrete matching function of the actual and fitted values instead of minimizing a continuous distance-based cost function. The proposed classification approach is evaluated on five benchmark data sets in the chemistry field. The empirical results indicated the superiority of the proposed discrete deep learning approach over its classic continuous form. The results of this study demonstrate the important effect of discrete learning processes on the performances of deep learning classification models. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be a powerful alternative to common classification approaches to analyze chemical data in the chemometrics field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.2c01535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T11:05:27Z","timestamp":1676027127000},"page":"1935-1946","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Intelligent Discrete\nDeep Learning Based Classification\nMethodology in Chemometrics"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2607-2665","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Khashei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) , , ,","place":["Isfahan, Iran, 84156-83111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erfan","family":"Nazgouei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) , , ,","place":["Isfahan, Iran, 84156-83111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Bakhtiarvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) , , ,","place":["Isfahan, Iran, 84156-83111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081804442523300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjac.2021.05.003","article-title":"Drug Identification\nby Electroanalysis with Multiple Classification Approaches","volume":"49","author":"de\nMace\u0302do","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. 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