{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:04:43Z","timestamp":1785243883067,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DHF\\R1\\180064 and DHF\/R1\/191142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHF\\R1\\180064 and DHF\/R1\/191142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)","award":["EP\/X023214\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X023214\/1"]}]},{"name":"National Environmental Isotope Facility","award":["NE\/V003917\/1, CC010 and NE\/T008652\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/V003917\/1, CC010 and NE\/T008652\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000267","name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AH\/T002611\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AH\/T002611\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Proteins have been used as adhesives in art throughout history, but determining their source in aged paintings is challenging. Moreover, the distinction between terrestrial and aquatic animal glues is only achievable with proteomic approaches. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of collagen, used in the neighboring field of archeology for analogous purposes, has so far required too much sample to be used for painted objects. However, this paper presents a methodology that enables a reduction of sample size by about 3 orders of magnitude (from mg to \u03bcg), widening the application of CSIA to rare and fragile objects in our cultural patrimony. Based on direct inlet pyrolysis-gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (DIP-GC-C-IRMS), the method targets the \u03b413C values of pyrolytic protein markers, especially diketopiperazines (DKPs), reported here for the first time. The isotopic imprint of modern references for rabbit skin and isinglass glues, casein, and chicken and duck eggs was confirmed through established elemental analysis (EA)-IRMS and GC-C-IRMS methods. As expected, bulk and individual amino acid (AA) \u03b413C and \u03b415N values for terrestrial animal glues exhibited a higher depletion than those for marine glues, a relationship retained by the DKP \u03b413C values. Furthermore, the ground layers of two 16th-century Italian paintings from the National Gallery collection yielded \u03b413CDKP values consistent with terrestrial animal glue, confirming that the isotopic signature of these compounds is retained during aging and degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c07901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:03:03Z","timestamp":1784127783000},"page":"21183-21196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pyrolysis Compound-Specific\nIsotope Analysis of Proteins\nin Aged Paintings: Diketopiperazine \u03b413C Values as\nCollagen Source Indicators"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-1181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eugenia Geddes","family":"da Filicaia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol , , ,","place":["Bristol, U.K., BS8 1TS"]},{"name":"Scientific department, The National Gallery, Trafalgar Square , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC2N 5DN"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2757-3207","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David A.","family":"Peggie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific department, The National Gallery, Trafalgar Square , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC2N 5DN"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain P.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol , , ,","place":["Bristol, U.K., BS8 1TS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian D.","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol , , ,","place":["Bristol, U.K., BS8 1TS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9483-2750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard P.","family":"Evershed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol , , ,","place":["Bristol, U.K., BS8 1TS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072808073384900_cit1","volume-title":"The Organic Chemistry\nof Museum Objects","author":"Mills","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026072808073384900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470741917.ch14","volume-title":"Organic Materials in\nArt and Archaeology","author":"Colombini","year":"2009"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026072808073384900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9179","DOI":"10.3390\/app11199179","article-title":"Research on\nthe Organic Binders in Archaeological Wall Paintings","volume":"11","author":"Casoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. 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