{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:04:50Z","timestamp":1785243890619,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit? e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022HSKH5Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022HSKH5Y"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the field of cultural heritage, there is an urgent need to enhance our understanding of the composition of plastic materials and their degradation processes, especially given their susceptibility to relatively rapid deterioration. Among these materials, acrylonitrile\u2013butadiene\u2013styrene (ABS), commonly found in museum collections, is particularly vulnerable to photoaging, primarily affecting the polybutadiene (PB) phase through oxidation and cross-linking, significantly compromising its mechanical properties. While noninvasive techniques have been successfully applied to characterize surfaces of ABS-based objects, a major limitation exists in terms of assessing the depth and spatial distribution of degradation without invasive sampling. This study introduces microspatially offset Raman spectroscopy (micro-SORS) as a noninvasive method to investigate artificially aged turbid ABS-based objects at both the surface and the subsurface level. First, micro-SORS spectra were collected using both a benchtop and an in-house-developed micro-SORS portable prototype, demonstrating the potential of the method for in situ diagnostics. Then, a simplified physical model based on light transport in turbid material is developed to describe the UV\u2013vis photo-oxidation process. Lastly, a protocol is proposed for estimating the degradation depth in turbid ABS-based materials by interpreting micro-SORS measurements through the UV\u2013vis degradation model. The model is initially calibrated through a few sacrificial samples to estimate the physical parameters. Then, the approach operates fully noninvasively, providing quantitative insights into subsurface aging phenomena. By providing a new strategy for depth-resolved aging assessment, this work bridges a key methodological gap in polymer conservation and paves the way for more informed treatment strategies and future noninvasive diagnostic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c00327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T14:57:12Z","timestamp":1784041032000},"page":"21219-21230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Micro-SORS-Based\nProtocol for the Noninvasive Depth-Resolved\nStudy of Degraded ABS in Cultural Heritage"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0039-0895","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin","family":"Ambrogioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano , , via Lambruschini 6 , ,","place":["Milano, Italy, 20156"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6945-9157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chiara","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano , , piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , ,","place":["Milano, Italy, 20131"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1518-4784","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Rosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Istituto di Science e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cG. Natta\u201d (CNR-SCITEC) , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , ,","place":["Perugia, Italy, 06123"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5379-7995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Heritage Science (CNR ISPC) , via Roberto Cozzi 53 , ,","place":["Milano, Italy, 20125"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Passoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano , , via Lambruschini 6 , ,","place":["Milano, Italy, 20156"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0912-5339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pavel","family":"Matousek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory UKRI , , ,","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom, OX11 0QX"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0593-3902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irene","family":"Bargagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Istituto di Science e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cG. Natta\u201d (CNR-SCITEC) , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , ,","place":["Perugia, Italy, 06123"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0948-5767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Botteon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council, Institute of Heritage Science (CNR ISPC) , via Roberto Cozzi 53 , ,","place":["Milano, Italy, 20125"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2022.12.005","article-title":"Use of 3D printing\nPLA and ABS materials for fine art. Analysis of composition and long-term\nbehaviour of raw filament and printed parts","volume":"59","author":"Andre\u0301s","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.030","article-title":"Advanced non-invasive\nfluorescence\nspectroscopy and imaging for mapping photo-oxidative degradation in\nacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene: A study of model samples and of an\nobject from the 1960s","volume":"107","author":"Comelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110186","article-title":"Thermal oxidation of\nacrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene:\nOrigin of the ductile\/brittle transition","volume":"206","author":"Freymond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym.\nDegrad. Stab."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026072808081773700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15153267","article-title":"A Thermal Analytical\nStudy of LEGO\u00ae Bricks for Investigating Light-Stability of ABS","volume":"15","author":"Sabatini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072808081773700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1002\/app.31663","article-title":"Artificial and natural weathering\nof ABS","volume":"116","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2015.07.016","article-title":"Non-invasive identification\nof plastic materials in museum collections with portable FTIR reflectance\nspectroscopy: Reference database and practical applications","volume":"124","author":"Saviello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-9505(19990901)270:1&lt;13::AID-APMC13&gt;3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"The Charpy\nimpact fracture behaviour\nin ABS materials","volume":"270","author":"Han","year":"1999","journal-title":"Angew. Makromol. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026072808081773700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028241267325","article-title":"Assessing Mechanochemical\nProperties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Items in Cultural\nHeritage Through a Multimodal Spectroscopic Approach","volume":"78","author":"Bargagli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072808081773700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1366\/13-07199","article-title":"Comparative study of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in transmission,\nattenuated total reflection, and total reflection modes for the analysis\nof plastics in the cultural heritage field","volume":"68","author":"Picollo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2015.06.010","article-title":"Study of semi-synthetic\nplastic objects of historic interest using non-invasive total reflectance\nFT-IR","volume":"124","author":"Cucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338602","article-title":"Unveiling\nthe composition of historical plastics through\nnon-invasive reflection FT-IR spectroscopy in the extended near- and\nmid-Infrared spectral range","volume":"1169","author":"Rosi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026072808081773700_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702821998777","article-title":"Application of Infrared\nReflectance Spectroscopy on Plastics in Cultural Heritage Collections:\nA Comparative Assessment of Two Portable Mid-Fourier Transform Infrared\nReflection Devices","volume":"75","author":"Angelin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808081773700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5985","article-title":"The identification of synthetic organic\nred pigments in historical plastics: Developing an in situ analytical\nprotocol based on Raman microscopy","volume":"52","author":"Angelin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Raman\nSpectrosc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808081773700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-019-0336-0","article-title":"Non-invasive identification of polymers in cultural\nheritage collections: evaluation, optimization and application of\nportable FTIR (ATR and external reflectance) spectroscopy to three-dimensional\npolymer-based objects","volume":"7","author":"Bell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Herit. Sci."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026072808081773700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46194","article-title":"Multi-analytical\napproach for the morphological, molecular, and mechanical characterization\nafter photo-oxidation of polymers used in artworks","volume":"135","author":"Saviello","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2020.118733","article-title":"Characterization of\ncontemporary and historical acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-based\nobjects: Pilot study for handheld Raman analysis in collections","volume":"242","author":"Reggio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808081773700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00019-0","article-title":"Spatially offset Raman\nspectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Mosca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121078","article-title":"Non-invasive\ncharacterisation of molecular diffusion of agent into turbid matrix\nusing micro-SORS","volume":"218","author":"Botteon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026072808081773700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app151810188","article-title":"VIS-Light-Induced Degradation of\nStreet Art Paints\nand Organic Pigments","volume":"15","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02032543","article-title":"The propagation\nof optical radiation\nin tissue I. Models of radiation transport and their application","volume":"6","author":"Patterson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072808081773700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.6632","article-title":"A combined approach\nto the vibrational characterization of medieval paints on parchment:\nHandheld Raman spectroscopy and micro-SORS","volume":"55","author":"Vieira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072808081773700_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1366\/13-07376","article-title":"Subsurface\nRaman analysis of thin painted layers","volume":"68","author":"Conti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl.\nSpectrosc."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026072808081773700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1039\/D3AN02215C","article-title":"Advanced portable micro-SORS prototype coupled with SERDS for heritage\nscience","volume":"149","author":"Lux","year":"2024","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808081773700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1179\/0020296713Z.000000000138","article-title":"Rapid method\nto determine suitability\nof ABS plastics for metallisation","volume":"92","author":"Bikulc\u030cius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Inst.\nMet. Finish."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072808081773700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.6405","article-title":"Non-destructive analysis of concentration\nprofiles\nin turbid media using micro-spatially offset Raman spectroscopy: A\nphysical model","volume":"53","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072808081773700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(95)00113-Z","article-title":"Photooxidation\nmechanisms of styrenic\npolymers","volume":"48","author":"Gardette","year":"1995","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072808081773700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-3057(78)90018-6","article-title":"Photooxydation\ndu polyethylene. I.\nCinetique de photooxydation du PEbd","volume":"14","author":"Huvet","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eur. Polym.\nJ."},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(92)90054-9","article-title":"Photooxidation of ABS: Part 2\u2500Origin\nof the\nphotodiscoloration on irradiation at long wavelengths","volume":"36","author":"Jouan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808081773700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2006.06.048","article-title":"A deterministic\nphoton free method to solve radiation transfer equations","volume":"222","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"2026072808081773700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-09947-6","volume-title":"Solving Ordinary Differential Equations II: Stiff and Differential-Algebraic\nProblems","author":"Hairer","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c00327","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/29\/21219\/65917646\/acs.analchem.6c00327.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/29\/21219\/65917646\/acs.analchem.6c00327.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:21:48Z","timestamp":1785241308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/29\/21219\/5208672\/Micro-SORS-Based-Protocol-for-the-Noninvasive"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"29","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c00327","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]}}}