{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:40:55Z","timestamp":1789346455965,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52305596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52305596"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52375564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52375564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008081","name":"Southeast University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KP202406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP202406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008832","name":"Nanjing Municipal Health Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YKK22274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKK22274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008832","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rapid and reliable prescreening and early risk stratification of postoperative meningitis (PNM) remain challenging because clinical symptoms are nonspecific and culture-based testing is time-consuming. Here, we report a machine-learning-assisted electrochemical platform for point-of-care (POC) prescreening and triage of PNM using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A MoS2\/MXene\/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based multiplex sensor array enables concurrent quantification of pH, glucose, and lactate-three clinically relevant biomarkers for postoperative bacterial meningitis (PNBM). To ensure stable and reproducible multiplex sensing, a hierarchically porous, ant-nest-like (macropore-mesopore) MoS2\/MXene\/rGO (MMG) aerogel is engineered as the electrochemical transduction scaffold, providing interconnected transport pathways while mitigating 2D nanosheet restacking. In addition, real-time pH monitoring is integrated to correct the intrinsically pH-dependent glucose and lactate responses, improving quantitative consistency across physiologically variable samples. Based on a clinically relevant PNBM\/non-PNBM cohort, interpretable tree-ensemble models (Random Forest and XGBoost) are trained using Gaussian-noise augmentation within cross-validation folds to avoid information leakage. The resulting framework demonstrates preliminary internal cross-validated discrimination, while maintaining transparent decision logic. Overall, this work integrates pH-calibrated multiplex electrochemical sensing with interpretable machine learning, offering a rapid and transparent strategy for PNBM prescreening in neurosurgical POC settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c01052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:13:51Z","timestamp":1784088831000},"page":"21242-21252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A pH-Calibrated\nMulti-Analyte MXene Aerogel Electrochemical\nPlatform Assisted by Interpretable Machine Learning for CSF-Based\nPrescreening of Postoperative Bacterial Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Yuxian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 211189"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 211189"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 211189"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aoxiong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 211189"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 211189"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 211189"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 211189"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 210009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 210009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9906-4546","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 211189"]},{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 226010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 211189"]},{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 226010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-7150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, 211189"]},{"name":"Southeast University , , , ,","place":["Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 226010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808082631700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.10.JNS16379","article-title":"Development of a Prediction\nRule for Diagnosing Postoperative Meningitis: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"128","author":"Hernandez Ortiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"10063","key":"2026072808082631700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30654-7","article-title":"Acute Bacterial Meningitis\nin Adults","volume":"388","author":"McGill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"45","key":"2026072808082631700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15720","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c03154","article-title":"Intelligent Clinical\nLab for the Diagnosis of Post-Neurosurgical\nMeningitis Based on Machine-Learning-Aided Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis","volume":"94","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072808082631700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2007.10.038","article-title":"Chemical Meningitis\nFollowing Cerebellopontine Angle\nTumor Surgery","volume":"138","author":"Sanchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.--Head Neck Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808082631700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1818-2","article-title":"The Diagnostic\nValue of Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactate for Post-Neurosurgical Bacterial\nMeningitis: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072808082631700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix152","article-title":"2017 Infectious\nDiseases Society of America\u2019s\nClinical Practice Guidelines for Healthcare-Associated Ventriculitis\nand Meningitis","volume":"64","author":"Tunkel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026072808082631700_cit7","volume-title":"National Healthcare\nSafety Network (NHSN) Patient Safety Component Manual: Surveillance\nDefinitions for Specific Types of Infections","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026072808082631700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.03.026","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Routine Blood Examinations and CSF Lactate\nLevel for Post-Neurosurgical Bacterial Meningitis","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026072808082631700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.59269","article-title":"Usefulness of Inflammatory\nBiomarkers in Discriminating\nbetween Bacterial and Aseptic Meningitis in Hospitalized Children\nfrom a Population with Low Vaccination Coverage","volume":"2","author":"Gowin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072808082631700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23069","article-title":"Development\nand Verification of a Discriminate Algorithm\nfor Diagnosing Post-Neurosurgical Bacterial Meningitis: A Multicenter\nObservational Study","volume":"34","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808082631700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01781-6","article-title":"Application of Combined\nCerebrospinal Fluid Physicochemical Parameters\nto Detect Intracranial Infection in Neurosurgery Patients","volume":"20","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"2026072808082631700_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01863775","article-title":"Untersuchungen\nu\u0308ber die Wirkung von Adrenalin, Hypophysenextrakt","volume":"108","author":"Killian","year":"1925","journal-title":"Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072808082631700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1933.01960020002001","article-title":"Lactic Acid of Spinal\nFluid in Meningitis: Practical Diagnostic and Prognostic Value","volume":"46","author":"De Sanctis","year":"1933","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072808082631700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1974.02110270025006","article-title":"Cerebrospinal\nFluid Lactic Acid Level\nand pH in Meningitis: Aids in Differential Diagnosis","volume":"128","author":"Bland","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072808082631700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.3.546","article-title":"Lactate and Glucose\nConcentrations in Brain Interstitial Fluid, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and\nSerum during Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis","volume":"166","author":"Guerra-Romero","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072808082631700_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(93)95253-F","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid\nLactate in Meningitis\nand Meningococcaemia","volume":"26","author":"Cameron","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072808082631700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2013.05.034","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactate in Post-Neurosurgical\nBacterial\nMeningitis Diagnosis","volume":"115","author":"Maskin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"2026072808082631700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/21.6.556","article-title":"The Hydrogen-Ion\nConcentration of Cerebrospinal Fluid","volume":"21","author":"Levison","year":"1917","journal-title":"J. Infect.\nDis."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026072808082631700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0211-9","article-title":"Distinguishing Bacterial\nfrom Viral Meningitis: The\nCritical Importance of the CSF Lactic Acid: Author\u2019s Reply","volume":"32","author":"Brivet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026072808082631700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22734","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c05851","article-title":"Advances in machine learning for wearable sensors","volume":"18","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808082631700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoes.2023.01.009","article-title":"Advances in Wearable\nFlexible Electrochemical Sensors for Sweat Monitoring: A Mini-Review","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"issue":"849","key":"2026072808082631700_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aeb1381","article-title":"A Platform\nfor Near Real-Time and Multiplexed Monitoring of Cerebrospinal Fluid\nBiomarkers and Flow in Neurocritical Care","volume":"18","author":"Keyvani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci.\nTransl. Med."},{"key":"2026072808082631700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-026-01670-2","article-title":"Wireless and in situ regenerable\nmultimodal wearable bioelectronic sweat sensor for continuous biomarker\nmonitoring in everyday settings","author":"Rajendran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed.\nEng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808082631700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65453-0","article-title":"pH Calibration Allows Accurate Glucose Detection in Interstitial\nFluid via Reverse Iontophoresis","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026072808082631700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c02717","article-title":"Overcoming Challenges in Electrochemical\nSensing: Toward Continuous Monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Rivera","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026072808082631700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19387","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c07074","article-title":"Three-Dimensional MoS2\/MXene Heterostructure\nAerogel for Chemical Gas Sensors with Superior Sensitivity and Stability","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026072808082631700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16980","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c03194","article-title":"A Gold Nanoparticles and MXene Nanocomposite Based Electrochemical\nSensor for Point-of-Care Monitoring of Serum Biomarkers","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"38","key":"2026072808082631700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33841","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c08204","article-title":"In Situ Functionalized\nMXene on Porous Laser-Induced Graphene for Adsorption-Dominated Miniaturized\nMultifunctional Sensors","volume":"19","author":"Abdullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"33","key":"2026072808082631700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902521","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201902521","article-title":"Porous\nEnzymatic Membrane\nfor Nanotextured Glucose Sweat Sensors with High Stability toward\nReliable Noninvasive Health Monitoring","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv.\nFunct. Mater."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026072808082631700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303313","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202303313","article-title":"3D Neighborhood Nanostructure\nReinforces Biosensing Membrane","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct.\nMater."},{"key":"2026072808082631700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114846","article-title":"A Hybridized Nano-Porous\nCarbon Reinforced 3D Graphene-Based Epidermal Patch for Precise Sweat\nGlucose and Lactate Analysis","volume":"219","author":"Asaduzzaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072808082631700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4642","article-title":"Statistics\nversus Machine Learning","volume":"15","author":"Bzdok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2026072808082631700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910479","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.910479","article-title":"Prediction of Lumbar\nDrainage-Related\nMeningitis Based on Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072808082631700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c11333","article-title":"Multiplexed Identification\nof Bacterial Biofilm Infections Based on Machine-Learning-Aided Lanthanide\nEncoding","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026072808082631700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b01227","article-title":"Machine Learning-Assisted\nArray-Based Biomolecular Sensing Using Surface-Functionalized Carbon\nDots","volume":"4","author":"Pandit","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026072808082631700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c01424","article-title":"Advancing biosensors\nwith machine learning","volume":"5","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026072808082631700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5843","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c06840","article-title":"Artificial\nintelligence in analytical chemistry: towards yet undiscovered opportunities","volume":"98","author":"Nowak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c01052","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/29\/21242\/65946783\/acs.analchem.6c01052.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/29\/21242\/65946783\/acs.analchem.6c01052.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:21:43Z","timestamp":1785241303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/29\/21242\/5210200\/A-pH-Calibrated-Multi-Analyte-MXene-Aerogel"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"29","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c01052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}}}