{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:16:14Z","timestamp":1789488974206,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>By transducing a sample\u2019s photothermal expansion and contraction, the photothermal induced resonance technique (PTIR, also known as AFM-IR) enables characterization of light absorption at scales (\u224810 nm) well below the limits imposed by far-field diffraction. However, AFM-IR depth sensitivity on heterogeneous samples remains poorly understood, making quantitative analyses challenging. Here, we examine stratified, three-dimensionally printed, polymer heterostructures engineered to elucidate the AFM-IR signal dependence on detection frequency, light polarization, and measurement modality (i.e., on- or off-resonance). Results show that the signal intensity, derived from absorption in the topmost layer (here, an epoxy-based prism), increases nearly linearly with its thickness regardless of detection frequency or resonance condition, aligning with previous observations in homogeneous (non-stratified) samples. However, the signal from the bottom layer (here, an acrylic photopolymer resin disk beneath the epoxy prism) can be amplified, attenuated, or remain unchanged, depending on the detection frequency and measurement modality. On-resonance, the signal coming from absorption in the bottom, acrylic layer always decays approximately exponentially with the thickness of the top, epoxy layer, with a frequency-dependent decay rate. Notably, absorption from the acrylic layer was detected even beneath the thickest epoxy region (here, \u2248440 nm) for all measurement conditions, highlighting the considerable subsurface sensitivity of AFM-IR. We propose adopting a \u224895% signal decay as a convention to describe a practical AFM-IR measurement depth sensitivity (probed depth), as opposed to the previously suggested \u224863% decay. This work advances AFM-IR-based nanoscale chemical imaging by elucidating the relationship between signal attenuation and sample stratification, which represents a critical step toward more-quantitative and three-dimensional compositional analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c01324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:01:36Z","timestamp":1788786096000},"page":"26410-26420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AFM-IR Depth Sensitivity on Vertically Stratified\nPolymer Structures"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6534-4803","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Devon S.","family":"Jakob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology , , , ,","place":["Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States, 20899"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1544-1901","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Physical Sciences , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20740"]},{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1455-6686","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen E.","family":"Grutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Physical Sciences , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20740"]},{"name":"University of Maryland , , , ,","place":["College Park, Maryland, United States, 20742"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2919-3366","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Centrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology , , , ,","place":["Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States, 20899"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091511070531300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-071114-040435","article-title":"Infrared Imaging\nand Spectroscopy Beyond the Diffraction Limit","volume":"8","author":"Centrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. 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Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091511070531300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5146","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00448","article-title":"AFM-IR: Technology\nand Applications in Nanoscale Infrared\nSpectroscopy and Chemical Imaging","volume":"117","author":"Dazzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091511070531300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700255","article-title":"Nanoscale\nSimultaneous Chemical and Mechanical Imaging via Peak Force\nInfrared Microscopy","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026091511070531300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.002388","article-title":"Local Infrared\nMicrospectroscopy\nwith Subwavelength Spatial Resolution with an Atomic Force Microscope\nTip Used as a Photothermal Sensor","volume":"30","author":"Dazzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. 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Syst. Charact."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026091511070531300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17560","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR05783G","article-title":"Protein Clustering\nin Chemically Stressed HeLa Cells Studied by Infrared Nanospectroscopy","volume":"8","author":"Giliberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026091511070531300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15719","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02228","article-title":"Nanoscale Infrared\nSpectroscopy and Chemometrics Enable Detection of Intracellular Protein\nDistribution","volume":"92","author":"V D dos Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091511070531300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015403","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/acfc27","article-title":"Compressed AFM-IR Hyperspectral Nanoimaging","volume":"35","author":"Ka\u0308stner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. 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