{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:04:37Z","timestamp":1785243877712,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006228","name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC05-000R22725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC05-000R22725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006228","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003151","name":"Nature et technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006187","name":"Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006187","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EcotoQ (FRQ)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Determining lead (Pb) isotopic ratios is of broad interest across chemical disciplines for source tracing and age determinations, but the technique is inherently limited when multiple sources of Pb are present in a single sample. Single particle methods offer a solution to directly resolve multiple distinct isotopic ratios within individual samples. In this study, single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) was performed using time-of-flight (TOF) and multicollector (MC)-based platforms to measure the Pb isotopic composition of individual nanoscale particles. Distinct Pb isotope ratios were measured in particles from four powdered galena samples of different origins (average single-particle 206Pb\/207Pb ratios ranging from 0.91 to 1.28) using both the TOF and the MC-based platforms. Differentiation of galena particles in a mixture (liberated grains and those hosted in a silicate matrix) was possible due to detecting their unique multielemental fingerprints. The differing behavior of the two galena samples during digestion was investigated; undigested galena particles trapped within silicate minerals were detected using spICP-MS, which has implications for Pb recovery in bulk-scale isotopic analysis. The multinuclide detection capability of the ICP-TOF-MS instrument allowed for the simultaneous detection of secondary constituent elements within the nanoparticles and the identification of multiple populations of isotopically distinct Pb-bearing particles in a copper ore sample, whereas the increased sensitivity of the MC instrument enabled quantification of 204Pb, allowing differentiation using multiple isotopic ratios. A single particle isotope ratio analysis module was developed within an open-source spICP-TOF-MS data processing platform, enabling its adoption across chemical disciplines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T14:27:12Z","timestamp":1783952832000},"page":"21502-21513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lead Isotope\nFingerprinting of Nanoscale Mineral Particles\nvia Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3704-7454","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montreal , , , ,","place":["Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2VB03"]},{"name":"Colorado School of Mines , , , ,","place":["Golden, Colorado, United States, 80401"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Dunlap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Lab , , , ,","place":["Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 37830"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Szakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Lab , , , ,","place":["Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 37830"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houssame-Eddine","family":"Ahabchane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montreal , , , ,","place":["Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2VB03"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-0627","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Manard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Lab , , , ,","place":["Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 37830"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-3624","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montreal , , , ,","place":["Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2VB03"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.07.008","article-title":"Lead Isotope\nRatios for Bullets,\na Descriptive Approach for Investigative Purposes and a New Method\nfor Sampling of Bullet Lead","volume":"244","author":"Sj\u00e5stad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.10.005","article-title":"Lead Isotopes\nin Environmental Sciences: A Review","author":"Koma\u0301rek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ.\nInt."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1144\/1467-7873\/05-096","article-title":"Dendrogeochemical\nDistinction between Geogenic and Anthropogenic Emissions of Metals\nand Gases near a Copper Smelter","volume":"6","author":"Savard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geochem.:Explor.,\nEnviron., Anal."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(56)90036-9","article-title":"Age of\nMeteorites and the Earth","volume":"10","author":"Patterson","year":"1956","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim.\nActa"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072808072404900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1144\/1467-7873\/09-195","article-title":"Lead Isotopes in Ground and Surface\nWaters: Fingerprinting Heavy Metal Sources in Mineral Exploration","volume":"9","author":"Leybourne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geochem.:Explor., Environ., Anal."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.05.085","article-title":"The Pb Isotopic\nRecord of Historical to Modern Human\nLead Exposure","volume":"490","author":"Kamenov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072808072404900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.2001.0804","article-title":"Stable Lead Isotope\nAnalysis of Rio Grande Glaze Paints\nand Ores Using ICP-MS: A Comparison of Acid Dissolution and Laser\nAblation Techniques","volume":"29","author":"Habicht-Mauche","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-2541(97)00127-7","article-title":"Assessment\nof the Precision and Accuracy of Lead-Isotope Ratios Measured by TIMS\nfor Geochemical Applications","volume":"Vol. 144","author":"Pomies","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026072808072404900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2007.05.011","article-title":"Direct Measurement of Lead Isotope Ratios in Low Concentration\nEnvironmental Samples by MC-ICP-MS and Multi-Ion Counting","volume":"243","author":"Cocherie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072808072404900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GC001100","article-title":"U-Pb Dating of Zircon\nby LA-ICP-MS","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026072808072404900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.11.004","article-title":"Characteristics of Lead Isotope Ratios\nand Elemental Concentrations in PM10 Fraction of Airborne Particulate\nMatter in Shanghai after the Phase-out of Leaded Gasoline","volume":"38","author":"Zheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos. 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Pollut."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026072808072404900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1039\/D3EN00425B","article-title":"Improved Methodology\nfor the Analysis\nof Polydisperse Engineered and Natural Colloids by Single Particle\nInductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (SpICP-MS)","volume":"10","author":"Bevers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072808072404900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EN00804A","article-title":"Out of\nthe Lab and into the Environment:\nThe Evolution of Single Particle ICP-MS over the Past Decade","volume":"12","author":"Goodman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072808072404900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1039\/C6JA00400H","article-title":"Characterization\nof a New ICP-TOFMS Instrument with Continuous and Discrete Introduction\nof Solutions","volume":"32","author":"Hendriks","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2022.340756","article-title":"Exploring the Performance of Quadrupole,\nTime-of-Flight,\nand Multi-Collector ICP-MS for Dual-Isotope Detection on Single Nanoparticles\nand Cells","volume":"1240","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. 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Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128578","article-title":"Rapid Isotopic Analysis\nof Uranium Microparticles via SP-ICP-TOF-MS","volume":"297","author":"Stanberry","year":"2026","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072808072404900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1039\/D4JA00425F","article-title":"Challenges in Measuring\nNanoparticles and Microparticles by Single Particle ICP-QMS and ICP-TOFMS:\nSize-Dependent Transport Efficiency and Limited Linear Dynamic Range","volume":"40","author":"Lomax-Vogt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0584-8547(01)00204-X","article-title":"Isotopic\nPrecision for a Lead Species PbEt Using 4 Capillary Gas Chromatography\nCoupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma-Multicollector Mass Spectrometry","volume":"56","author":"Krupp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spectrochimica Acta Part B"},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit24","unstructured":"NIST.\n          . SRM 997 - Thallium\nIsotopic Standard."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026072808072404900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1039\/D5JA00230C","article-title":"Accurate Thresholding\nUsing a Compound-Poisson-Lognormal Lookup Table and Parameters Recovered\nfrom Standard Single Particle ICP-TOFMS Data","volume":"40","author":"Lockwood","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/EN25111","article-title":"IsotopeTrack:\nA Fast and Flexible Application for the Analysis of SP-ICP-TOF-MS\nDatasets","volume":"23","author":"Ahabchane","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026072808072404900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13081322","article-title":"Towards Automated\nand High-Throughput Quantitative Sizing and Isotopic Analysis of Nanoparticles\nvia Single Particle-ICP-TOF-MS","volume":"13","author":"Manard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072808072404900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1039\/D5JA00107B","article-title":"Particle Signal Considerations for\nIsotope Ratio Analysis with Single Particle Multi-Collector Inductively\nCoupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry","volume":"40","author":"Szakas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anal. At.\nSpectrom."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2024.122220","article-title":"Unravelling Instrumental Mass Fractionation of MC-ICP-MS Using Neodymium\nIsotopes","volume":"662","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026072808072404900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1039\/D3JA00084B","article-title":"Performance of Second\nGeneration ICP-TOFMS for (Multi-)Isotope Ratio\nAnalysis: A Case Study on B, Sr and Pb and Their Isotope Fractionation\nBehavior during the Measurements","volume":"38","author":"Retzmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anal. At.\nSpectrom."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridley, W. I.\n          \n          Plumbo-Isotopy:\nThe Measurement of Lead Isotopes by Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled\nMass Spectrometry\n          2005\n          http:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/pubprod.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20051393"},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1039\/b403938f","article-title":"Sources of Mass\nBias and Isotope Ratio Variation in\nMulti-Collector ICP-MS: Optimization of Instrumental Parameters Based\non Experimental Observations","volume":"19","author":"Andre\u0301n","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072808072404900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1039\/C9JA00186G","article-title":"Performance of Sp-ICP-TOFMS with\nSignal Distributions Fitted to a Compound Poisson Model","volume":"34","author":"Hendriks","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808072404900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1039\/D2JA00295G","article-title":"Characterization\nof a High-Sensitivity ICP-TOFMS Instrument\nfor Microdroplet, Nanoparticle, and Microplastic Analyses","volume":"38","author":"Harycki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.09.003","article-title":"Atmospheric\nDispersion of Trace Metals\nbetween Two Smelters: An Approach Coupling Lead, Strontium and Osmium\nIsotopes from Bioindicators","volume":"84","author":"Widory","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072808072404900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EN00058G","article-title":"Improvements in\nthe Detection and Characterization of Engineered Nanoparticles Using\nSpICP-MS with Microsecond Dwell Times","volume":"1","author":"Montan\u0303o","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808072404900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5702\/massspectrometry.A0085","article-title":"Analytical Capability\nof High-Time Resolution-Multiple Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass\nSpectrometry for the Elemental and Isotopic Analysis of Metal Nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Hirata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072808072404900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1021\/ac503554u","article-title":"Derivation\nfrom First Principles of the Statistical Distribution of the Mass\nPeak Intensities of MS Data","volume":"87","author":"Ipsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808072404900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88909-1","article-title":"Provenancing Ancient\nMaterials with Lead Isotopes: Overlap Uncovered","volume":"15","author":"De Ceuster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072808072404900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54825-z","article-title":"Lead Isotopes\nof Prehistoric Copper Tools Define Metallurgical Phases in Late Neolithic\nand Eneolithic Italy","volume":"14","author":"Artioli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026072808072404900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.81.6.1307","article-title":"Lead and Sulfur Isotope\nMicrostratigraphy\nin Galena Crystals from Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits","volume":"81","author":"Deloule","year":"1986","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026072808072404900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.99.7.1533","article-title":"Origin of the\nRed Dog Zn-Pb-Ag Deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Evidence from Regional\nPb and Sr Isotope Sources","volume":"99","author":"Ayuso","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02109","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/29\/21502\/65892236\/acs.analchem.6c02109.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/29\/21502\/65892236\/acs.analchem.6c02109.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:21:53Z","timestamp":1785241313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/29\/21502\/5207498\/Lead-Isotope-Fingerprinting-of-Nanoscale-Mineral"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"29","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]}}}