{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:08:53Z","timestamp":1788872933496,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018554","name":"Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22JR5RA476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JR5RA476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21874061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21874061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Simultaneous identification and quantification of multiple amino acid (AA) enantiomers remain as significant challenges. In this study, a multimode, six-channel optical sensor array was developed by three fluorescent\/colorimetric carbon dots, which can provide distinctive fluorescence and UV\u2013vis signals to d\/l-glutamine, d\/l-tryptophan, and d\/l-glutamic acid. With the help of machine learning algorithms, this sensor array enabled the accurate qualitative identification and concentration prediction of the three AA enantiomers. The discrimination accuracy for binary and ternary mixtures achieves 95.8%, with an average error of concentration prediction below 10.1%. More importantly, the recognition and prediction performance of this sensor array have been validated using compound amino acid injection and honey samples. A visual assay can also be achieved by the RGB values of the dual-mode sensor array image and SK model, which provide a portable solution for on-site, high-throughput, and naked-eye detection of AA enantiomers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:08:29Z","timestamp":1788869309000},"page":"25669-25678","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimode Optical\nSensor Array Combined with Machine\nLearning for Accurate Identification and Concentration Prediction\nof Amino Acid Enantiomers"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Cancan","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingfa","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0037-1149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cuiling","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-8474","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou University , , , ,","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China, 730000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200900225","article-title":"Origin, microbiology,\nnutrition, and pharmacology of D-amino acids","volume":"7","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemistry & Biodiversity"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 1106","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29051106","article-title":"Recent\nprogress in detecting enantiomers in food","volume":"29","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 1716","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111716","article-title":"D-amino acids\nand D-amino acid-containing peptides: potential disease biomarkers\nand therapeutic targets?","volume":"11","author":"Abdulbagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2025.138726","article-title":"Synthesis of nitrogen\nsulfur co doped carbon dots for\ndual detection of acidic and basic amino acids by fluorescence modulation","volume":"396","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials Letters"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz127","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism:\na link between the gut microbiota and brain","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 12410","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212410","article-title":"Targeted chiral metabolomics of D-amino acids: their\nemerging role as potential biomarkers in neurological diseases with\na focus on their liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis\nupon chiral derivatization","volume":"25","author":"Lella","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal\nof Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10337-015-2933-8","article-title":"Enantioresolution of amino acids: a decade\u2019s\nperspective, prospects and challenges","volume":"78","author":"Tanwar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 1986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09544-9","article-title":"d-Serine made\nby serine racemase in drosophila intestine\nplays a physiological role in sleep","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature\nCommunications"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46289","article-title":"Characterization\nof chiral amino acids from different\nmilk origins using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled\nto ion-mobility mass spectrometry","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific\nReports"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-006-0262-9","article-title":"High concentrations\nof D-amino acids in human gastric\njuice","volume":"32","author":"Nagata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2016.01.014","article-title":"Quantitative\nenantioseparation of amino acids by comprehensive\ntwo-dimensional gas chromatography applied to non-terrestrial samples","volume":"1433","author":"Myrgorodska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography A"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b04338","article-title":"Enhanced\nresolution of chiral amino\nacids with capillary electrophoresis for biosignature detection in\nextraterrestrial samples","volume":"89","author":"Creamer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02575-y","article-title":"Enantioanalysis of glutamine-a key\nfactor in establishing the metabolomics process in gastric cancer","volume":"412","author":"Stefan-van Staden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06638-0","article-title":"Fluorescent\nand colorimetric dual-mode detection of Cu2+ based on carbon\ndots","volume":"191","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchimica Acta"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2023.109167","article-title":"Multivariate chemical analysis: from sensors to sensor\narrays","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chinese Chemical Letters"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.131590","article-title":"Machine\nlearning assisted dual-emission fluorescence\/colorimetric sensor array\ndetection of multiple antibiotics under stepwise prediction strategy","volume":"359","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17552","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c02558","article-title":"Machine\nlearning-enhanced nanozyme sensor array for accurate multiple quinolone\nantibiotics recognition","volume":"97","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c02596","article-title":"Recent\nprogress in sensor arrays: from construction principles of sensing\nelements to applications","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 692","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06770-x","article-title":"Portable alkaloid discrimination\nvia nanozyme-mediated colorimetric paper-based sensor array integrated\nwith smartphone detection","volume":"191","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchimica Acta"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.146665","article-title":"Chiral amino acids\nfingerprinting analysis based on gold nanoparticles sensing array\nand its application in alcoholic beverages identification","volume":"496","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2026.116965","article-title":"Carbon\ndot-based fluorescent sensor array for multi-target chiral discrimination\nof all amino acids","volume":"221","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchemical Journal"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4676","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c01733","article-title":"Triple-mode sensor\ncoupled by photoelectrochemical,\nelectrochromic, and spectral signals for sensitive visualized detection\nof nonylphenol","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.117520","article-title":"Colorimetric\/fluorescent\/photothermal\nmulti-model sensor array based on the nanozyme for differentiating\ntea polyphenols and white tea vintages","volume":"221","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food\nResearch International"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113386","article-title":"Recent advances in colorimetry\/fluorimetry-based\ndual-modal\nsensing technologies","volume":"190","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14573","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c01854","article-title":"Fluorescent\/colorimetric\ndual-mode discriminating Gln\nand Val enantiomers based on carbon dots","volume":"95","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Analytical\nChemistry"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128035","article-title":"Machine learning\nassisted paper-based fluorescent sensor array with metal-doped multicolor\ncarbon quantum dots for identification and inactivation of bacteria","volume":"293","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139722","article-title":"Photostable\nand printable fluorescence carbon quantum dots for advanced message\nencryption and specific reversible multiple sensing of Cu2+ and cysteine","volume":"453","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Journal"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2023.118213","article-title":"Ratiometric fluorescence\nprobe molecularly imprinted\npolymer encapsulating N, S, B doped carbon nanodots from waste Clematis\nChinensis Osbeck for sensing furazolidone","volume":"213","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18065","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c03815","article-title":"Chiral discrimination\nof amino acids\nby using a twisted carbon nanobelt: a DFT study","volume":"7","author":"Sajjad","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Applied Nano Materials"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2024.111227","article-title":"Chiral discrimination of amino acids\nby Mo\u0308bius carbon belt","volume":"146","author":"Maqbool","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diamond and Related\nMaterials"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b05442","article-title":"Chiral fluorescent silicon nanoparticles for aminopropanol\nenantiomer: fluorescence discrimination and mechanism identification","volume":"92","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12040","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02668","article-title":"L-pyroglutamic acid-modified CdSe\/ZnS\nquantum dots: a new fluorescence-responsive chiral sensing platform\nfor stereospecific molecular recognition","volume":"92","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analytical\nChemistry"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00778-9","article-title":"Revealing the nature\nof optical activity in carbon\ndots produced from different chiral precursor molecules","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light: Science & Applications"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 3945","DOI":"10.3390\/s24123945","article-title":"Carbon dots\nin enantioselective sensing","volume":"24","author":"Bortolami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2318-9","article-title":"The quenching\nof the fluorescence\nof carbon dots: a review on mechanisms and applications","volume":"184","author":"Zu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchimica Acta"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.131295","article-title":"A cascade-triggered\nratiometric fluorescent sensor based on nanocomposite for lactate\ndetermination","volume":"355","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.02.063","article-title":"Chiral carbon dots derived from tryptophan\nand threonine for enantioselective sensing of L\/D-lysine","volume":"662","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.343414","article-title":"Dual emission chiral\ncarbon dots as fluorescent probe\nfor fast chiral recognition of tryptophan enantiomers","volume":"1334","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.07.099","article-title":"A carbon dots based fluorescent probe\nfor selective and sensitive detection of hemoglobin","volume":"221","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202510577","article-title":"O\/C ratio-driven fluorescence\nenhancement in cellulose-derived carbon quantum dots: mechanistic\ninsights into reaction pathways","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advanced Science"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04747-8","article-title":"Ratiometric determination\nof Cr(VI) based on a dual-emission fluorescent\nnanoprobe using carbon quantum dots and a smartphone app","volume":"188","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchimica Acta"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9888","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201916729","article-title":"Aggregation-induced\nemission: new vistas at the aggregate level","volume":"59","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew and te Chemie International Edition"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202310563","article-title":"Formation and fluorescent mechanism\nof multiple color emissive carbon dots from o-Phenylenediamine","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"No. 529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06612-w","article-title":"Ratiometric\nfluorescence probe based\non carbon dots and p-phenylenediamine-derived nanoparticles for the\nsensitive detection of manganese ions","volume":"191","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchimica\nActa"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2018.10.010","article-title":"Influence of molecular\nfluorophores on the research field of chemically synthesized carbon\ndots","volume":"23","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2025.128066","article-title":"Carbon quantum dots\nin spectrofluorimetric\nanalysis: a comprehensive review of synthesis, mechanisms and multifunctional\napplications","volume":"293","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.108725","article-title":"A ratiometric fluorescent\nsensor for UO22+ detection based on Ag+-modified gold nanoclusters hybrid via photoinduced electron transfer\n(PET) mechanism","volume":"190","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchemical Journal"},{"key":"2026090808082298600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124320","article-title":"Metal complexation-triggered\nchromogenic reaction and\nfluorescence response: A universal dual-mode sensing strategy for\nfast visualization of heavy metal ions","volume":"299","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environmental\nResearch"}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02420","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/35\/25669\/67363500\/acs.analchem.6c02420.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/35\/25669\/67363500\/acs.analchem.6c02420.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:32:28Z","timestamp":1788870748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/35\/25669\/5325299\/Multimode-Optical-Sensor-Array-Combined-with"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02420","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}