{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:55:29Z","timestamp":1791291329318,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Co-Investigator grant for Mars-2020 SHERLOC"},{"name":"Caltech internal funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>On Earth and other planets, Raman instruments can characterize minerals in situ in a nondestructive and rapid manner without sample preparation. However, they commonly detect phases in mixtures because field instruments are often limited in the magnification that can be achieved (\u2273100 \u03bcm\/spot). The effects of mixing can create challenges in detecting and quantifying the prevalence of phases of interest, particularly when there are dark minerals that attenuate photons nonlinearly with their abundance. In this work, we develop mathematical models that parameterize the effects of sample absorption on Raman intensity for three types of two-component solid mixtures: (1) low absorptivity + low absorptivity minerals, (2) low absorptivity + high absorptivity minerals, (3) high absorptivity + high absorptivity minerals. Subsequently, we verified these models through laboratory measurements of Raman peak intensities for hydrated sulfates and phyllosilicates in mixtures. We find that Raman intensity as a function of concentration is linear for mixtures made of solely low absorptivity minerals but follows a nonlinear relationship for mixtures containing one or more high absorptivity minerals. Data quantify the challenges of detection of dark minerals with Raman spectroscopy, e.g., the hydration peak of 13 vol % nontronite is detected in a low absorptivity anhydrite matrix, but three times that amount is required to detect nontronite in a high absorptivity basalt matrix. On Mars or other field settings with limited independent data, our models can be used in conjunction with microimages or other quantitative compositional instruments to estimate the detection thresholds and abundances of minerals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:01:33Z","timestamp":1790096493000},"page":"28767-28783","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mathematical Framework for the Effects of Sample Absorption\non Raman Intensity for Quantification and Detection Thresholds of\nMinerals in Two-Component Geological Mixtures"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9660-1991","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu Yu","family":"Phua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology , , , ,","place":["Pasadena, California, United States, 91106"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany","family":"Ehlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology , , , ,","place":["Pasadena, California, United States, 91106"]},{"name":"University of Colorado Boulder , , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80303"]},{"name":"University of Colorado Boulder , , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80309"]},{"name":"University of Colorado Boulder , , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80309"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026100608072867100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2008.09.004","article-title":"Application\nof Portable Raman Instruments for Fast\nand Non-Destructive Detection of Minerals on Outcrops","volume":"73","author":"Jehlic\u030cka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100608072867100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-021-00812-z","article-title":"Perseverance\u2019s Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman\nand Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) Investigation","volume":"217","author":"Bhartia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Space Sci. 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Carbonate\nDetection With SuperCam in Igneous Rocks on the Floor of Jezero Crater,\nMars","volume":"128","author":"Clave\u0301","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100608072867100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JE007455","article-title":"SHERLOC Raman Mineral\nClass Detections of the Mars 2020 Crater Floor Campaign","volume":"128","author":"Corpolongo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100608072867100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JE008251","article-title":"Characterizing\nHydrated Sulfates and Altered Phases in Jezero Crater Fan and Floor\nGeologic Units With SHERLOC on Mars 2020","volume":"129","author":"Phua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal\nof Geophysical Research: Planets"},{"issue":"6624","key":"2026100608072867100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo5204","article-title":"Aqueous Alteration Processes in Jezero\nCrater, Mars\u2500Implications for Organic Geochemistry","volume":"378","author":"Scheller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100608072867100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JE007989","article-title":"Evidence of Sulfate-Rich Fluid Alteration in Jezero\nCrater Floor, Mars","volume":"129","author":"Siljestro\u0308m","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research:\nPlanets"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100608072867100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5214","article-title":"Comparison\nof Seven Portable Raman Spectrometers: Beryl as a Case Study","volume":"48","author":"Jehlic\u030cka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Raman Spectroscopy"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100608072867100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.5174","article-title":"Applying Portable\nRaman Spectrometers for Field Discrimination of Sulfates: Training\nfor Successful Extraterrestrial Detection","volume":"48","author":"Kos\u030cek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal\nof Raman Spectroscopy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100608072867100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2011.01.003","article-title":"Evaluation of Portable\nRaman Instrumentation for Identification of \u03b2-Carotene and Mellitic\nAcid in Two-Component Mixtures with Halite","volume":"80","author":"Vi\u0301tek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100608072867100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2138\/am-2023-9224","article-title":"Estimating\nModal Mineralogy Using Raman Spectroscopy: Multivariate Analysis Models\nand Raman Cross-Section Proxies","volume":"110","author":"Breitenfeld","year":"2025","journal-title":"American Mineralogist"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100608072867100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7306","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN01514A","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis\nof Binary and Ternary Organo-Mineral Solid Dispersions by Raman Spectroscopy\nfor Robotic Planetary Exploration Missions on Mars","volume":"146","author":"Demaret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100608072867100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2465\/jmps.080714","article-title":"Quantitative\nAnalysis of Binary Mineral\nMixtures Using Raman Microspectroscopy: Calibration Curves for Silica\nand Calcium Carbonate Minerals and Application to an Opaline Silica\nNodule of Volcanic Origin","volume":"104","author":"Noguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Mineralogical\nand Petrological Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100608072867100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023EA002825","article-title":"Quantitative Mineralogy of Planetary\nSilicate Ternary Mixtures Using Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth and Space Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100608072867100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73846-y","article-title":"ExoMars Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS): Development of Chemometric\nTools to Classify Ultramafic Igneous Rocks on Mars","volume":"10","author":"Veneranda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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