{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:48:23Z","timestamp":1785847703942,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019068","name":"State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023J06002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J06002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024J011330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J011330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004772","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025AAC050034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AAC050034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004772","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory","award":["2024XAKJ0103002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XAKJ0103002"]}]},{"name":"Youth Top-notch Talent Program of the Fujian Young Eagle Plan"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22125702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22125702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22477104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22477104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22521102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22521102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["92578118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92578118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Xiamen High Quality Development Project","award":["2024GZL-GG79"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GZL-GG79"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In vivo simultaneous visualization of the dynamic changes in biomarkers within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying tumor initiation and progression and providing pivotal insights for tumor management. Herein, we develop an acidosis- and inorganic phosphate-dual-responsive fluorinated core\u2013shell nanoprobe (Zr@Zn-MOF) from corresponding metal ions and fluorinated ligands for visualizing the TME in vivo via multiplexed 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In normal tissues, the insignificant dual-channel 19F MRI signals of Zr@Zn-MOF could be ascribed to the close packing of 19F nuclei within Zr@Zn-MOF, which strengthens magnetic dipolar interactions. In contrast, activated by the low pH and high phosphate level of the TME, the core\u2013shell nanoprobe undergoes rapid degradation to release fluorinated ligands, resulting in the intensification of dual-channel signals for multicolor 19F MRI. A series of imaging experiments validates the mechanism of this nanoprobe and illustrates its favorable performance of reassuring visualization of the TME with high penetration depth and low biological background. Our study demonstrates the promising potential of this nanoprobe for imaging-related tumor management and the success of our strategy that takes advantage of core\u2013shell MOFs for the construction of multiple stimuli-responsive 19F MRI nanoprobes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:20:47Z","timestamp":1784582447000},"page":"22300-22308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fluorinated\nCore\u2013Shell Metal\u2013Organic\nFramework-Based Dual-Activated 19F MRI Nanoprobes for In\nVivo Visualization of the Tumor Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]},{"name":"Ningxia University , , ,","place":["Yinchuan, China, 750021"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanxi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5491-8033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuhang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2374-5342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chaoyong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5675-8537","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3215-7013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinhao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]},{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"45","key":"2026080408080517000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5904","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.271","article-title":"The tumor\nmicroenvironment and its role in promoting tumor growth","volume":"27","author":"Whiteside","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080408080517000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.9b00448","article-title":"Nanoparticle interactions with the tumor microenvironment","volume":"30","author":"Huai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080408080517000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0363-5","article-title":"The tumour\nmicroenvironment in pancreatic\ncancer clinical challenges and opportunities","volume":"17","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080408080517000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0222-9","article-title":"How the ageing microenvironment influences\ntumour progression","volume":"20","author":"Fane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080408080517000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1367","article-title":"Exploiting tumour\nhypoxia in cancer treatment","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080408080517000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer:\nThe next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080408080517000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3110","article-title":"Dysregulated pH: a\nperfect storm for cancer progression","volume":"11","author":"Webb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev.\nCancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080408080517000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2018.04.007","article-title":"Phosphate toxicity\nand tumorigenesis","volume":"1869","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev.\nCancer"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026080408080517000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9298","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239298","article-title":"The roles of sodium-independent inorganic\nphosphate transporters in inorganic phosphate homeostasis and in cancer\nand other diseases","volume":"21","author":"Lacerda-Abreu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026080408080517000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800391","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800391","article-title":"\u2033Smart\u2033 nanoprobes\nfor visualization of tumor microenvironments","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080408080517000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000834","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000834","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment\nsensitive nanocarriers for bioimaging and therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026080408080517000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10907","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500314d","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging of nanomedicines and nanotheranostics:\nprinciples, progress, and prospects","volume":"115","author":"Kunjachan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080408080517000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00440-4","article-title":"Non-invasive molecular\nimaging of\nkidney diseases","volume":"17","author":"Klinkhammer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080408080517000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b09269","article-title":"DOTA-branched\norganic frameworks as giant and potent metal chelators","volume":"142","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080408080517000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17831","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c06026","article-title":"Redox-activated\ncontrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging\nvisualizes glutathione-mediated biotransformation dynamics in the\nliver","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026080408080517000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7438","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00316A","article-title":"Engineering\nof inorganic\nnanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents","volume":"46","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026080408080517000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.10.014","article-title":"Recent advances in engineering iron oxide nanoparticles\nfor effective magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact.\nMater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080408080517000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1021\/cbmi.3c00024","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based activatable MRI\nprobes for disease imaging and\nmonitoring","volume":"1","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biomed. Imaging"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026080408080517000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10827","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c02272","article-title":"Fluorinated 1,7-DO2A-based iron(II)\ncomplexes as sensitive 19F MRI molecular probes for visualizing\nrenal dysfunction in living mice","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026080408080517000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.123073","article-title":"Visualizing enterohepatic circulation in vivo by sensitive 19F MRI with a fluorinated ferrous chelate-based small molecule\nprobe","volume":"317","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080408080517000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2020.01.023","article-title":"A Fluorinated ionic liquid-based activatable 19F MRI platform\ndetects biological targets","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem"},{"issue":"48","key":"2026080408080517000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16614","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02443","article-title":"Bio-orthogonal metabolic\nfluorine labeling enables deep-tissue visualization\nof tumor cells in vivo by 19F magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"94","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080408080517000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.9b00582","article-title":"Targeted, stimuli-responsive, and theranostic 19F magnetic resonance imaging probes","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"issue":"50","key":"2026080408080517000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005657","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202005657","article-title":"Activatable 19F MRI nanoprobes for visualization of biological\ntargets in living\nsubjects","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080408080517000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500286d","article-title":"19F magnetic\nresonance imaging (MRI): From design of materials to clinical applications","volume":"115","author":"Tirotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080408080517000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00352","article-title":"19F magnetic resonance\nactivity-based sensing using paramagnetic metals","volume":"53","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026080408080517000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114496","article-title":"Nanoscale MOFs: From synthesis to drug delivery and\ntheranostics applications","volume":"190","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliver.\nRev."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026080408080517000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11989","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c04402","article-title":"Fluorinated iron metal-organic\nframeworks for activatable 19F magnetic resonance imaging\nand synergistic therapy of tumors","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080408080517000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8483","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00694","article-title":"Fluoropolymer-MOF\nhybrids with switchable hydrophilicity\nfor 19F MRI-monitored cancer therapy","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080408080517000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1021\/accountsmr.1c00161","article-title":"Nanoscale metal-organic layers for biomedical applications","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acc. Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026080408080517000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15658","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201709738","article-title":"Controllable\nmodular growth of hierarchical MOF-on-MOF of architectures","volume":"56","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026080408080517000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.4c00469","article-title":"MOF-on-MOF\nGrowth: Inducing Naturally Nonpreferred\nMOFs and Atypical MOF Growth","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080408080517000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04539","article-title":"Small molecule\nprobes for 19F magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026080408080517000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114614","article-title":"The tumor\nEPR effect for cancer drug delivery: Current status, limitations,\nand alternatives","volume":"191","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliver Rev."},{"key":"2026080408080517000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.03.043","article-title":"Strategies\nto improve the EPR effect: A mechanistic\nperspective and clinical translation","volume":"345","author":"Ikeda-Imafuku","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Controlled\nRelease"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080408080517000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48838-5","article-title":"Rediscovery of mononuclear phagocyte\nsystem blockade for nanoparticle drug delivery","volume":"15","author":"Zelepukin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026080408080517000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220045","DOI":"10.1002\/exp.20220045","article-title":"Advanced strategies\nto evade the mononuclear phagocyte system clearance\nof nanomaterials","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"issue":"70","key":"2026080408080517000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9853","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC06129G","article-title":"A pH-responsive\nnanoprobe for turn-on 19F-magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"54","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"2026080408080517000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2024.102364","article-title":"Copper-based fluorinated MOFs for\nactivatable multicolor 19F MRI and cell death of tumor","volume":"57","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080408080517000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c21942","article-title":"A multifunctional metal-organic\nframeworks-based nanoplatform for\ntumor imaging and antimetastasis immunotherapy by exploiting the versatility\nof manganese ions","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02500","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/30\/22300\/66068367\/acs.analchem.6c02500.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/30\/22300\/66068367\/acs.analchem.6c02500.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:27:20Z","timestamp":1785846440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/30\/22300\/5222615\/Fluorinated-Core-Shell-Metal-Organic-Framework"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02500","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]}}}