{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:50:56Z","timestamp":1791895856767,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004312","name":"Eli Lilly and Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LRAP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LRAP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/Z51505X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/Z51505X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S015426\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S015426\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/X009580\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/X009580\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hydrogen\/Deuterium eXchange (HDX) methods for studying protein dynamics would benefit from millisecond-scale incubations to probe intrinsically disordered proteins, highly dynamic regions, and conformation changes. Here, we investigate droplet microfluidics for rapid mixing to trigger D2O labeling, uniform incubations, and rapid droplet merging for acid quenching in advance of mass spectrometry. A surfactant-free merging approach combining expansion elements for synchronized droplet collision proved robust. The high diffusive flux of D2O and protons enables microsecond mixing to trigger and arrest D2O labeling, respectively, affording the possibility of single millisecond incubations. Droplet HDX processors were used to measure the fast uptake characteristics of a model peptide. Forward exchange measurements demonstrate D2O labeling to be the rate-limiting step, in essence defining 10 milliseconds as the minimum practical incubation time for proteins at room temperature, pD 7.4. With the ability to access millisecond time scales, the fast dynamics of calmodulin, a model of calcium-triggered allostery with rapid conformational switching, was investigated. At 10 milliseconds, we could observe significant deuterium uptake within the well-defined EF-hand Ca2+ binding motifs. These findings demonstrate that millisecond HDX enabled by droplet microfluidics allows areas of heightened plasticity to be detected within a stably folded protein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c02766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:01:54Z","timestamp":1790625714000},"page":"29216-29227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Droplet Microfluidic\nHydrogen\/Deuterium Exchange for\nInvestigating Protein Dynamics with Millisecond Precision"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Hammerschmid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Sys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0023-8679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alistair","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]},{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon I. R.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]},{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Hornsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3596-7049","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Niall","family":"Hanrahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]},{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3915-0239","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andy","family":"van Hateren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]},{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Broughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n Lilly , SA, Avenida de la Industria 30 , ,","place":["Alcobendas, Spain, 28108"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Espada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacio\u0301n Lilly , SA, Avenida de la Industria 30 , ,","place":["Alcobendas, Spain, 28108"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8219-0052","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eamonn","family":"Reading","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]},{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5709-6790","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]},{"name":"University of Southampton , , ,","place":["Southampton, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101308064142900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2020.08.011","article-title":"Recent\nresults in time resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at XFELs","volume":"65","author":"Orville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"2026101308064142900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08876-5","article-title":"Swinging lever mechanism\nof myosin directly shown by\ntime-resolved cryo-EM","volume":"642","author":"Klebl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101308064142900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1107\/s2059798322006155","article-title":"Structural dynamics:\nreview of time-resolved cryo-EM","volume":"78","author":"Maeots","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Crystallographica\nSection D"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101308064142900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-01967-z","article-title":"Time-resolved cryo-EM\nusing a combination of droplet\nmicrofluidics with on-demand jetting","volume":"20","author":"Torino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"0","key":"2026101308064142900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FD00079B","article-title":"Towards\nsub-millisecond cryo-EM grid preparation","volume":"240","author":"Klebl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Faraday\nDiscuss."},{"key":"2026101308064142900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-025-02659-6","article-title":"Advancing time-resolved\nstructural biology: latest strategies in cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography","volume":"22","author":"Banari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101308064142900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7562","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00279","article-title":"Advances in\nHydrogen\/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry and the Pursuit of Challenging\nBiological Systems","volume":"122","author":"James","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101308064142900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0459-y","article-title":"Recommendations\nfor performing, interpreting and reporting\nhydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) experiments","volume":"16","author":"Masson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"47","key":"2026101308064142900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18898","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319482110","article-title":"Folding\nof a large protein at high structural resolution","volume":"110","author":"Walters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101308064142900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc00007a","article-title":"An electrospray\nms-coupled microfluidic device for sub-second hydrogen\/deuterium exchange\npulse-labelling reveals allosteric effects in enzyme inhibition","volume":"13","author":"Rob","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"48","key":"2026101308064142900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16711","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c03183","article-title":"Millisecond Hydrogen\/Deuterium-Exchange Mass Spectrometry\nApproach to Correlate Local Structure and Aggregation in \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"94","author":"Seetaloo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101308064142900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.06.045","article-title":"Mapping Conformational\nDynamics to\nIndividual Steps in the TEM-1 \u03b2-Lactamase Catalytic Mechanism","volume":"430","author":"Knox","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101308064142900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8070224","article-title":"An Analytical\nTool\nto Capture Protein Motion in Action","volume":"8","author":"Narang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101308064142900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3127","article-title":"Pulsed hydrogen\/deuterium exchange\nmass spectrometry for time-resolved membrane protein folding studies","volume":"47","author":"Khanal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101308064142900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5161","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4004979","article-title":"Analysis of disordered proteins using a simple apparatus\nfor millisecond quench-flow H\/D exchange","volume":"85","author":"Keppel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101308064142900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6408","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0346757","article-title":"A capillary\nmixer with adjustable reaction chamber\nvolume for millisecond time-resolved studies by electrospray mass\nspectrometry","volume":"75","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101308064142900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1021\/ac300365u","article-title":"Measuring dynamics in weakly structured\nregions of proteins using microfluidics-enabled subsecond H\/D exchange\nmass spectrometry","volume":"84","author":"Rob","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026101308064142900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.0c00308","article-title":"Epitope\nMapping for a Preclinical Bevacizumab (Avastin) Biosimilar on an Extended\nConstruct of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Using Millisecond\nHydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry","volume":"59","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101308064142900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03050","article-title":"Thiol-ene\nMicrofluidic Chip for Performing Hydrogen\/Deuterium Exchange of Proteins\nat Subsecond Time Scales","volume":"91","author":"Svejdal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101308064142900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc41297k","article-title":"Ultrafast cell switching\nfor recording cell surface transitions:\nnew insights into epidermal growth factor receptor signalling","volume":"13","author":"Chiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101308064142900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11560","DOI":"10.1021\/ac402881h","article-title":"Whole Cell Quenched\nFlow Analysis","volume":"85","author":"Chiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101308064142900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5000","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c05310","article-title":"Online Fully Automated System for Hydrogen\/Deuterium-Exchange\nMass Spectrometry with Millisecond Time Resolution","volume":"95","author":"Kish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026101308064142900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14613","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0354566","article-title":"Millisecond kinetics on a microfluidic\nchip using nanoliters\nof reagents","volume":"125","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101308064142900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-061516-045219","article-title":"Chemical and Biological Dynamics\nUsing Droplet-Based Microfluidics","volume":"10","author":"Dressler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev.\nAnal Chem. (Palo Alto Calif)"},{"issue":"1137","key":"2026101308064142900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1953.0139","article-title":"Dispersion\nof soluble matter in solvent flowing slowly through a tube","volume":"219","author":"Taylor","year":"1953","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical\nand Physical Sciences"},{"issue":"1200","key":"2026101308064142900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1956.0065","article-title":"On the dispersion of a solute in a fluid flowing through\na tube","volume":"235","author":"Aris","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of\nLondon. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101308064142900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200390203","article-title":"A Microfluidic\nSystem for Controlling\nReaction Networks in Time","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int.\nEd."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101308064142900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-01995-9","article-title":"Rapid droplet-based\nmixing for single-molecule\nspectroscopy","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101308064142900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1039\/b813325e","article-title":"Pillar-induced droplet\nmerging in microfluidic circuits","volume":"8","author":"Niu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101308064142900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1107\/S2052252524001799","article-title":"Droplet\nmicrofluidics for time-resolved serial crystallography","volume":"11","author":"Stubbs","year":"2024","journal-title":"IUCrJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101308064142900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2313(75)90003-4","article-title":"The pH dependence\nof fluorescein fluorescence","volume":"10","author":"Martin","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101308064142900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.3c00285","article-title":"Deep Learning Enables\nAutomatic Correction of Experimental\nHDX-MS Data with Applications in Protein Modeling","volume":"35","author":"Salmas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026101308064142900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10142","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c01446","article-title":"Simple and Fast Maximally Deuterated\nControl (maxD) Preparation for Hydrogen\u2013Deuterium Exchange\nMass Spectrometry Experiments","volume":"94","author":"Peterle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101308064142900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.15.46","article-title":"Replication in Bioanalytical\nStudies with Hdx MS: Aim\nas High as Possible","volume":"7","author":"Moroco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101308064142900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-018-2056-1","article-title":"Optimized Workflow\nfor Selecting Peptides for HDX-MS Data Analyses","volume":"29","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101308064142900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22432","article-title":"The Utility of Hydrogen\/Deuterium\nExchange Mass Spectrometry in Biopharmaceutical Comparability Studies","volume":"100","author":"Houde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"2026101308064142900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22432","article-title":"The Utility of Hydrogen\/Deuterium\nExchange Mass Spectrometry in Biopharmaceutical Comparability Studies","volume":"100","author":"Houde","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"D1","key":"2026101308064142900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D543","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1011","article-title":"The PRIDE\ndatabase at 20 years: 2025 update","volume":"53","author":"Perez-Riverol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids\nRes."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101308064142900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1039\/b708091c","article-title":"Surface-induced droplet fusion in\nmicrofluidic devices","volume":"7","author":"Fidalgo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101308064142900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1021\/la803518b","article-title":"Dynamics\nof Coalescence of Plugs with a Hydrophilic\nWetting Layer Induced by Flow in a Microfluidic Chemistrode","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026101308064142900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2218058","article-title":"Electrocoalescence\nof drops synchronized by size-dependent flow in microfluidic channels","volume":"88","author":"Ahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"45","key":"2026101308064142900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19163","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006888107","article-title":"High-throughput\ninjection with microfluidics using picoinjectors","volume":"107","author":"Abate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026101308064142900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200503540","article-title":"Electric\nControl\nof Droplets in Microfluidic Devices","volume":"45","author":"Link","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101308064142900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2357039","article-title":"Controlled electrocoalescence in\nmicrofluidics: Targeting a single lamella","volume":"89","author":"Priest","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl.\nPhys. Lett."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026101308064142900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6817","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200801360","article-title":"Droplet-Based Microreactors for the\nSynthesis of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"47","author":"Frenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026101308064142900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1039\/b903608c","article-title":"A fast and efficient microfluidic\nsystem for highly selective one-to-one droplet fusion","volume":"9","author":"Mazutis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026101308064142900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40121e","article-title":"Selective droplet coalescence using microfluidic systems","volume":"12","author":"Mazutis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101308064142900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1039\/b403378g","article-title":"Multi-step synthesis of nanoparticles\nperformed on millisecond time scale in a microfluidic droplet-based\nsystem","volume":"4","author":"Shestopalov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101308064142900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1021\/ac062179n","article-title":"Using a Multijunction Microfluidic\nDevice To Inject Substrate into an Array of Preformed Plugs without\nCross-Contamination: Comparing Theory and Experiments","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101308064142900_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.024501","article-title":"Decompressing Emulsion Droplets Favors\nCoalescence","volume":"100","author":"Bremond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. 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