{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:10:16Z","timestamp":1790691016804,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JYB2025XDXM602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYB2025XDXM602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22174042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22174042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22374038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22374038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22404178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22404178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing","award":["25A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25A01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>DNA computation offers a promising route for multi-input cancer diagnosis, yet its translation into practical classifiers is often impeded by complex probe design and operational intricacies. Here, we introduce a bead-based DNA classifier (BDC) platform designed for multimiRNA-based diagnostic applications. This platform performs weighted molecular computation through a combination of magnetic bead capture and polymerase-mediated strand displacement. An in silico diagnostic model for breast cancer was built using an SVM algorithm trained on TCGA miRNA-seq data, which revealed a three-miRNA signature with assigned integer weights and yielded a computational AUC of 0.97. Molecular implementation involves processing the weighted miRNAs in separate parallel tubes and converting each input into a universal DNA barcode strand that is subsequently quantified via qPCR. A diagnostic readout is generated by directly comparing the CT values of the two reaction tubes. Clinical validation using 27 serum samples resulted in an accuracy of 81%. This study demonstrates, as a proof-of-concept, a streamlined DNA-computing workflow that simplifies probe design for multi-input classifiers, and shows preliminary utility for multi-input diagnostics using extracted miRNA from clinical samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:01:59Z","timestamp":1789574519000},"page":"28078-28087","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Bead-Based\nDNA Classifier for Multi-Input Cancer\nDiagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Ruiting","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan University , , ,","place":["Changsha, P. R. China, 410082"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan University , , ,","place":["Changsha, P. R. China, 410082"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, P. R. China, 410008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuli","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, P. R. China, 410013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kejing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central South University , , ,","place":["Changsha, P. R. China, 410008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0804-2964","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Da","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, P. R. China, 310022"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9390-4938","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kemin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan University , , ,","place":["Changsha, P. R. China, 410082"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2890-682X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan University , , ,","place":["Changsha, P. R. China, 410082"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909093461300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70061","article-title":"Cancer\nStatistics, 2026: Charting a Course for a National\nCancer Research Agenda","volume":"76","author":"Lara","year":"2026","journal-title":"CA.: Cancer J. Clin."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909093461300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70043","article-title":"Cancer Statistics,\n2026","volume":"76","author":"Siegel","year":"2026","journal-title":"CA.: Cancer J. Clin."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909093461300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871","article-title":"Cancer Statistics,\n2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA.: Cancer J. Clin."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092909093461300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.40677","article-title":"Refining Cancer Management\nUsing Integrated Liquid Biopsy","volume":"10","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909093461300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01323-9","article-title":"Non-Invasive Lung Cancer\nDiagnosis and Prognosis Based on Multi-Analyte Liquid Biopsy","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909093461300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01526-8","article-title":"Proteomics Technologies\nfor Cancer Liquid Biopsies","volume":"21","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909093461300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02021-w","article-title":"Liquid Biopsy\nin Cancer: Current Status, Challenges\nand Future Prospects","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted\nTher."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092909093461300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780285","article-title":"Real-Time\nQuantification in Plasma of Human Telomerase\nReverse Transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA: A Simple Blood Test to Monitor\nDisease in Cancer Patients","volume":"81","author":"Dasi\u0301","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909093461300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31536-5","article-title":"Clonal\nBarcoding with qPCR Detection Enables Live Cell Functional Analyses\nfor Cancer Research","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026092909093461300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610439104","article-title":"Microarray Analysis of Newly Synthesized RNA in Cells\nand Animals","volume":"104","author":"Kenzelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"46","key":"2026092909093461300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8844","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201004000","article-title":"Fabrication of a Structure-Specific RNA Binder for\nArray Detection of Label-Free MicroRNA","volume":"122","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909093461300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-01005-x","article-title":"RNA Sequencing: New\nTechnologies and Applications in Cancer Research","volume":"13","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092909093461300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.017","article-title":"Therapy-Induced\nEvolution of Human Lung Cancer Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing","volume":"182","author":"Maynard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909093461300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0863-y","article-title":"A miRNA-Based Diagnostic Model Predicts Resectable\nLung Cancer in Humans with High Accuracy","volume":"3","author":"Asakura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun.\nBiol."},{"issue":"6047","key":"2026092909093461300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205527","article-title":"Multi-Input\nRNAi-Based Logic Circuit for Identification of Specific Cancer Cells","volume":"333","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7043","key":"2026092909093461300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03702","article-title":"MicroRNA Expression\nProfiles Classify Human Cancers","volume":"435","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026092909093461300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202416490","article-title":"DNA Molecular Computing with Weighted Signal Amplification for Cancer\nmiRNA Biomarker Diagnostics","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092909093461300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-018-0056-1","article-title":"A Molecular\nMulti-Gene Classifier\nfor Disease Diagnostics","volume":"10","author":"Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026092909093461300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202505289","article-title":"Circular RNA-Based\nMolecular Computation Enhances Plasma Biomarker Detection in Biliary\nTract Cancer","volume":"64","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. 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Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092909093461300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03643-0","article-title":"Polymerase-Based\nDNA Reactions for\nMolecularly Computing Cancerous Diagnostic Valences of Multiple miRNAs","volume":"23","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092909093461300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202413198","article-title":"A Multi-Input Molecular Classifier Based on Digital\nDNA Strand Displacement\nfor Disease Diagnostics","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092909093461300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.049","article-title":"The TCGA Legacy","volume":"173","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026092909093461300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2014.47136","article-title":"Review The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA):\nAn Immeasurable Source of Knowledge","volume":"1A","author":"Tomczak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wspolczesna\nOnkol."},{"key":"2026092909093461300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216655","article-title":"A Unique Circulating microRNA Pairs\nSignature Serves as a Superior Tool for Early Diagnosis of Pan-Cancer","volume":"588","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"issue":"39","key":"2026092909093461300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202511377","article-title":"Locked Nucleic Acid Modification\nfor Base-Stacking Engineering of Self-Assembled DNA Crystals","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026092909093461300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.586268","article-title":"Five microRNAs in\nSerum Are Able to Differentiate Breast Cancer Patients From Healthy\nIndividuals","volume":"10","author":"Feliciano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03055","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/38\/28078\/68534156\/acs.analchem.6c03055.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/38\/28078\/68534156\/acs.analchem.6c03055.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:52:14Z","timestamp":1790689934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/38\/28078\/5431432\/A-Bead-Based-DNA-Classifier-for-Multi-Input-Cancer"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03055","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}}}