{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:08:43Z","timestamp":1788872923425,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Tianjin","award":["24YFZCSN00150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YFZCSN00150"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22404121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22404121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22574121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22574121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Leukemia is a hematological malignancy originating from hematopoietic stem cells with diverse clinical subtypes. Accurate assessment of apoptosis is integral to leukemia research and therapeutic evaluation, providing the foundation for precise diagnosis and optimized therapeutic strategies. Conventional techniques, including flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, have played a pivotal role in advancing apoptosis research. However, their dependence on staining and antibody labeling renders them labor-intensive and time-consuming and introduces the risk of cytotoxicity. This study proposes a label-free detection strategy for leukemia cells based on cellular rhythmicity, implemented through a scattering interferometric microscopy system that enables interference between coverslip-reflected and cell membrane\u2013scattered light. Nanometer-scale membrane displacements, driven by cytoskeletal traction, membrane coupling, and transmembrane ion fluxes, modulate scattering intensity, which is reflected in the interference signals as temporal rhythmic patterns indicative of apoptotic states. Rhythmic patterns were extracted using the Farneback dense optical flow algorithm, while spectral features were obtained from snapshot hyperspectral imaging. These two types of features were integrated through a dual-stream neural network to enable label-free identification of apoptosis progression in multiple leukemia cell types. Experimental results demonstrated a classification accuracy of 95.45% across four leukemia cell lines (K562, MEC-1, Jurkat, and THP-1) under three apoptotic states (viable, early apoptosis, and late apoptosis), with a per-cell detection time of 160 ms. This study proposes a label-free approach that leverages cellular rhythmicity for the recognition of apoptosis progression, providing a novel paradigm for leukemia research and clinical evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T22:12:00Z","timestamp":1788127920000},"page":"25826-25835","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cellular Rhythm\nfor Label-Free Tracking of Apoptotic\nProgression in Leukemia Cells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7540-892X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]},{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9831-9357","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]},{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]},{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangguang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]},{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]},{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxiao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]},{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]},{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8813-5054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]},{"name":"Tianjin University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University , , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7978","key":"2026090808072841400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06496-5","article-title":"Epitope editing enables targeted\nimmunotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"621","author":"Casirati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090808072841400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-023-02028-2","article-title":"Survival with\nchronic myeloid leukaemia after failing milestones","volume":"37","author":"Lauseker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090808072841400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9790","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249790","article-title":"Deep learning\nin medical hyperspectral images: A review","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090808072841400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2019.2905623","article-title":"Blood cell\nclassification based on hyperspectral imaging with modulated Gabor\nand CNN","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed Health Inform."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090808072841400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.22085","article-title":"Acute promyelocytic\nleukemia: Immunophenotype and differential\ndiagnosis by flow cytometry","volume":"102","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin.\nCytom."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090808072841400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23332","article-title":"A rohitukine derivative\nIIIM-290 induces p53-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic\nleukemia cells","volume":"60","author":"Mintoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090808072841400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40097","article-title":"The impact\nof N-acetylcysteine on hypoxia-induced testicular\napoptosis in male rats: TUNEL and IHC findings","volume":"10","author":"Shokoohi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026090808072841400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116750","article-title":"Electronic\ndetection of apoptotic cells on a microchip","volume":"267","author":"Arifuzzman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090808072841400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17007","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317007","article-title":"Infrared spectroscopy: A new frontier in hematological\ndisease diagnosis","volume":"24","author":"Delrue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090808072841400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202200117","article-title":"Optical tweezers\nand Raman spectroscopy for single-cell classification of drug resistance\nin acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"2026090808072841400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115454","article-title":"Identification\nof acute myeloid leukemia by infrared difference spectrum of peripheral\nblood","volume":"233","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. 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Cell Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090808072841400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SC04733A","article-title":"Label-free and live\ncell imaging\nby interferometric scattering microscopy","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem.\nSci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090808072841400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.4c00001","article-title":"Label-free interference\nimaging of intracellular trafficking","volume":"57","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acc. 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Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090808072841400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2023.08.015","article-title":"Correcting ultraviolet-visible spectra\nfor baseline\nartifacts","volume":"112","author":"Basalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090808072841400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.496013","article-title":"Biophotonic rogue waves\nin red blood cell suspensions","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090808072841400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.22146\/jnteti.v14i1.15001","article-title":"Optical flow performance\nin the SUAV flight speed estimation using Farneback method","volume":"14","author":"Fathurrahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nas. Tek. Elektro Teknol. Inf."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026090808072841400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17244","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c03265","article-title":"Rapid detection\nof single bacteria\nusing filter-array-based hyperspectral imaging technology","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090808072841400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3361929","article-title":"RGB-to-HSV:\nA frequency-spectrum\nunfolding network for spectral super-resolution of RGB videos","volume":"62","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03087","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/35\/25826\/67337993\/acs.analchem.6c03087.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/35\/25826\/67337993\/acs.analchem.6c03087.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:31:14Z","timestamp":1788870674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/35\/25826\/5322648\/Cellular-Rhythm-for-Label-Free-Tracking-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03087","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}