{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:42:18Z","timestamp":1792496538485,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/55\/D\/ST4\/01305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/55\/D\/ST4\/01305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01 CA280746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA280746"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is widely used in advanced oxidation processes (AOP) to remove organic contaminants from wastewater. A simple method for determining PMS is necessary to dose this oxidant effectively and use it adequately in AOP. Here, we report a simple, fast, and accurate method for quantifying PMS using a pro-fluorescent boronate redox probe. In contrast to previously described methods, the proposed assay does not require activation of PMS by a low-valent transition metal. Based on the determined second-order rate constant of the direct oxidation reaction of the coumarin-7-boronic acid probe with PMS (2k = 1.1 \u00d7 104 M\u20131 s\u20131), we have developed a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for ultrasensitive detection of PMS with a detection limit of 5 nM and a quantification limit of 40 nM. The HPLC-FLD method enables detection of PMS in real water samples, confirming its practical usefulness. The reported method enables the determination of PMS over a wide pH range and in the presence of common ions. It also enables tracking of PMS formation in sulfite solutions. Using activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, we demonstrate the feasibility of real-time monitoring of PMS production using a plate reader with fluorescence detection, along with appropriate control experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:01:48Z","timestamp":1790114508000},"page":"29541-29552","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simple, Fast,\nand Ultrasensitive Fluorescent Detection\nof Peroxymonosulfate in Chemical, Enzymatic, and Cellular Systems"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7822-8182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Podsiad\u0142y","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology , , Stefanowskiego 16 , ,","place":["Lodz, Poland, 90-537"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0963-7879","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Grzelakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology , , Stefanowskiego 16 , ,","place":["Lodz, Poland, 90-537"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumari","family":"Neelam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology , , Stefanowskiego 16 , ,","place":["Lodz, Poland, 90-537"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5601-0839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology , , Zeromskiego 116 , ,","place":["Lodz, Poland, 90-924"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2254-1049","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Rostkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology , , Zeromskiego 116 , ,","place":["Lodz, Poland, 90-924"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Smulik-Izydorczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology , , Zeromskiego 116 , ,","place":["Lodz, Poland, 90-924"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology , , Zeromskiego 116 , ,","place":["Lodz, Poland, 90-924"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2524-0145","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacek","family":"Zielonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin , , 8701 Watertown Plank Road , , ,","place":["Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, 53226"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026102006561994900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(79)85051-3","article-title":"The Standard\nPotential of the Peroxosulphate\/Sulphate Couple","volume":"24","author":"Spiro","year":"1979","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.10.064","article-title":"Application of Peroxymonosulfate\nand Its Activation\nMethods for Degradation of Environmental Organic Pollutants: Review","volume":"310","author":"Ghanbari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026102006561994900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7095","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b06294","article-title":"Peroxymonosulfate\nRapidly Inactivates the Disease-Associated Prion Protein","volume":"50","author":"Chesney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.03.043","article-title":"Bicarbonate-Activated Persulfate\nOxidation of Acetaminophen","volume":"116","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026102006561994900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27224","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA04789A","article-title":"Activating\nPeroxymonosulfate by Halogenated\nand Methylated Quinones: Performance and Mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102006561994900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c10062","article-title":"Reinvestigation on High-Valent Cobalt\nfor the Degradation of Micropollutants\nin the Co(II)\/Peroxymonosulfate System: Roles of Co(III)","volume":"58","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026102006561994900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10415","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c10898","article-title":"Were Persulfate-Based\nAdvanced Oxidation Processes Really Understood?\nBasic Concepts, Cognitive Biases, and Experimental Details","volume":"58","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102006561994900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6000","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.11.6000","article-title":"Characterization\nof Sulfur-Centered Radical Intermediates Formed during the Oxidation\nof Thiols and Sulfite by Peroxynitrite: ESR-SPIN TRAPPING AND OXYGEN\nUPTAKE STUDIES","volume":"271","author":"Karoui","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102006561994900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(88)90077-X","article-title":"Sulfate Anion Free Radical Formation by the Peroxidation\nof (Bi) Sulfite and Its Reaction with Hydroxyl Radical Scavengers","volume":"267","author":"Mottley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8564209","article-title":"Free-Radical Chemistry\nof Sulfite","volume":"64","author":"Neta","year":"1985","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102006561994900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01851a041","article-title":"The Rate of Oxidation\nof Sulfite Ions by Oxygen","volume":"63","author":"Fuller","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102006561994900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)49376-3","article-title":"Xanthine Oxidase","volume":"233","author":"Fridovich","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102006561994900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)76891-4","article-title":"Detection of Free Radicals in Illuminated Dye Solutions\nby the Initiation of Sulfite Oxidation","volume":"235","author":"Fridovich","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Biol.\nChem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102006561994900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)63312-0","article-title":"Detection of Free Radicals Generated\nduring Enzymic\nOxidations by the Initiation of Sulfite Oxidation","volume":"236","author":"Fridovich","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Biol. 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Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026102006561994900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901533","article-title":"(Bi)Sulfite Oxidation by Copper,Zinc-Superoxide\nDismutase: Sulfite-Derived, Radical-Initiated Protein Radical Formation","volume":"118","author":"Ranguelova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102006561994900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.006","article-title":"New Insights into\nthe Detection of Sulfur Trioxide\nAnion Radical by Spin Trapping: Radical Trapping versus Nucleophilic\nAddition","volume":"47","author":"Ranguelova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radicals Biol. Med."},{"issue":"45","key":"2026102006561994900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27204","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.679621","article-title":"Globins\nScavenge Sulfur Trioxide\nAnion Radical","volume":"290","author":"Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026102006561994900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9142","DOI":"10.1021\/jp011255h","article-title":"Reactivity\nand Role of SO5\u2022- Radical in Aqueous Medium Chain Oxidation\nof Sulfite to Sulfate and Atmospheric Sulfuric Acid Generation","volume":"105","author":"Das","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102006561994900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07116.x","article-title":"On the Formation\nand Reactivity of Dioxirane Intermediates in the Reaction of Peroxoanions\nwith Organic Substrates*","volume":"30","author":"Edwards","year":"1979","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102006561994900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01081a019","article-title":"The Oxidation of Organic Substances by Potassium Peroxymonosulfate","volume":"25","author":"Kennedy","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102006561994900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00255a007","article-title":"Simultaneous\nDetermination of Hydrogen Peroxide, Peroxymonosulfuric Acid, and Peroxydisulfuric\nAcid by Thermometric Titrimetry","volume":"55","author":"Boudeville","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102006561994900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012353226910","article-title":"Chemiluminescence Determination of Monopersulfuric\nAcid","volume":"56","author":"Zinchuk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026102006561994900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14439","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b04047","article-title":"Ultrasensitive\nFluorescence Detection\nof Peroxymonosulfate Based on a Sulfate Radical-Mediated Aromatic\nHydroxylation","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.10.058","article-title":"Determination\nof Persulphates Using\nN,N-Diethyl-p-Phenylenediamine as Colorimetric Reagent: Oxidative\nColoration and Degradation of the Reagent without Bactericidal Effect\nin Water","volume":"286","author":"Gokulakrishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2015.05.029","article-title":"Simple Spectrophotometric\nDetermination of Monopersulfate","volume":"149","author":"Wac\u0142awek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spectrochim.\nActa, Part A"},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.05.042","article-title":"Rapid Spectrophotometric Determination\nof Peroxymonosulfate in Water with Cobalt-Mediated Oxidation Decolorization\nof Methyl Orange","volume":"253","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102006561994900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY02886H","article-title":"Spectrophotometric\nDetermination of Peroxymonosulfate Anions via Oxidative Decolorization\nof Dyes Induced by Cobalt","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(94)33007-7","article-title":"[4] Suppression of Hydroxyl Radical Reactions in Biological Systems:\nConsiderations Based on Competition Kinetics","volume-title":"Oxygen Radicals in Biological Systems Part C","author":"von Sonntag","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.06.009","article-title":"Cobalt Metabolism\nand Toxicology\u2500A\nBrief Update","volume":"432","author":"Simonsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026102006561994900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14210","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.110080","article-title":"Peroxynitrite\nIs the Major Species Formed from Different Flux Ratios of Co-Generated\nNitric Oxide and Superoxide: DIRECT REACTION WITH BORONATE-BASED FLUORESCENT\nPROBE*\u29eb","volume":"285","author":"Zielonka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026102006561994900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1039\/B618565G","article-title":"On the Photolysis\nof Simple Anions and Neutral Molecules as Sources of O\u2013\/OH,\nSOx\u2013 and Cl in Aqueous Solution","volume":"9","author":"Herrmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys.\nChem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102006561994900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.5b00431","article-title":"Characterization of Fluorescein-Based Monoboronate\nProbe and Its Application to the Detection of Peroxynitrite in Endothelial\nCells Treated with Doxorubicin","volume":"29","author":"De\u0328bowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.580899","article-title":"Boronate-Based\nProbes for Biological Oxidants: A Novel Class of Molecular Tools for\nRedox Biology","volume":"8","author":"Sikora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026102006561994900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.200600436","article-title":"Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Halide\nand Nitrite Oxidation by Mammalian Heme Peroxidases","volume":"2006","author":"Arnhold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102006561994900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00030a017","article-title":"Peroxynitrite, a Cloaked Oxidant\nFormed by Nitric Oxide\nand Superoxide","volume":"5","author":"Koppenol","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102006561994900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1021\/es00082a005","article-title":"Kinetics and Mechanism\nof the Oxidation of Aqueous\nHydrogen Sulfide by Peroxymonosulfate","volume":"24","author":"Betterton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026102006561994900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1039\/a700722a","article-title":"Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation\nof Dimethyl Sulfideby Hydroperoxides in Aqueous Medium Study on the\nPotentialcontribution of Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfide\nin Theatmosphere","volume":"93","author":"Amels","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026102006561994900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00045a021","article-title":"Oxidation\nof Thiolato Complexes of Ruthenium(III) by\nPeroxymonosulfate","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102006561994900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01489a004","article-title":"The Kinetics of\nthe Oxidation of Halide Ions by Monosubstituted Peroxides","volume":"82","author":"Fortnum","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.023","article-title":"On the Use\nof Peroxy-Caged Luciferin (PCL-1) Probe for Bioluminescent Detection\nof Inflammatory Oxidants in Vitro and in Vivo \u2013 Identification\nof Reaction Intermediates and Oxidant-Specific Minor Products","volume":"99","author":"Zielonka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radicals Biol. Med."},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2020.108693","article-title":"Characterization\nof the Reactivity\nof Luciferin Boronate - A Probe for Inflammatory Oxidants with Improved\nStability","volume":"183","author":"Szala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dyes Pigm."},{"key":"2026102006561994900_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.260","article-title":"Water-Soluble\nCationic Boronate Probe Based on Coumarin\nImidazolium Scaffold: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application\nto Cellular Peroxynitrite Detection","volume":"179","author":"Grzelakowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radicals\nBiol. 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