{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:52:10Z","timestamp":1787071930038,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019446","name":"Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202525020998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202525020998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82505204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82505204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022QB130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022QB130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024MH003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MH003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Higher Education Institutions Youth Creative Technology Support Program","award":["2024KJN045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KJN045"]}]},{"name":"Guiding Funds of Central Government for Supporting the Development of the Local Science and Technology, China","award":["YDZX2024027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZX2024027"]}]},{"name":"Jinan Integration and Development Strategy Engineering Project between City and Universities","award":["JNSK2024021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JNSK2024021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As a prevalent metabolic dysfunction, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents an escalating challenge to global healthcare systems. Hepatic carboxylesterases (CES), primarily represented by the CES1 and CES2 isoforms, are important regulators of lipid homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of CES1 and CES2 contributes to hepatic lipid accumulation in NAFLD and shows promise as potential biomarkers for NAFLD diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation. Qiwei Gandanqing (QWGDQ), an ethnopharmaceutical preparation rooted in Tibetan and Chinese traditions, has demonstrated significant hepatoprotective properties. However, the precise pathways through which it orchestrates CES activity and re-equilibrates the inflammation\u2013metabolism axis have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we engineered OX-CE, a liver-specific near-infrared activatable probe, to track endogenous CES fluctuations in situ. In a high-fat diet-triggered murine model, QWGDQ was found to substantially suppress hepatic steatosis and inflammatory responses. Notably, OX-CE-based imaging revealed a dose-responsive recovery of CES activity, offering a visual confirmation of the formula\u2019s therapeutic impact. Mechanistically, QWGDQ alleviates NAFLD by disrupting the antagonistic crosstalk between NF-\u03baB-driven inflammation and PXR-mediated metabolism, thereby restoring enzymatic homeostasis. Our findings emphasize the multi-target therapeutic potential of the formula and concurrently establish the probe as a powerful molecular tool for NAFLD assessment and drug evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:02:12Z","timestamp":1786118532000},"page":"23827-23837","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Near-Infrared\nFluorescent Probe for Monitoring Carboxylesterase\nDynamics: Application to NAFLD Diagnosis and Therapeutic Assessment\nof Qiwei Gandanqing Granules"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiejie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Yidao Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , , ,","place":["Dezhou, Shandong, China, 253000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyao","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1294-4370","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haiqiang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]},{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Yidao Kang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd , , ,","place":["Dezhou, Shandong, China, 253000"]},{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7996-5216","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhixin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]},{"name":"Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250355"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02742-z","article-title":"Evaluation of a new TyG indicator,\nTyHGB, in predicting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: evidence from\ntwo independent populations","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-025-00927-y","article-title":"Clinical characteristics\nof lean and non-lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional\nstudy","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01926-y","article-title":"Association\nof CALLY index with NAFLD in U.S. adults from NHANES 2017\u20132020\nassessed by vibration-controlled transient elastography","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00317-X","article-title":"Global prevalence of\nnon-alcoholic fatty liver disease\nand non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the overweight and obese population:\na systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Quek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet\nGastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.012","article-title":"The multiple-hit\npathogenesis of\nnon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"65","author":"Buzzetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113869","article-title":"Pathophysiological\ncommunication between hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in liver\ninjury from NAFLD to liver fibrosis","volume":"176","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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Sin."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652996","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1652996","article-title":"A new perspective on non-invasive diagnosis of non- alcoholic fatty\nliver disease: evidence integration of inflammatory and metabolic\nbiomarkers based on a scoping review","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front.\nEndocrinol."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01407-4","article-title":"Intestinal\nhuman carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) expression\nrescues drug metabolism and most metabolic syndrome phenotypes in\nglobal Ces2 cluster knockout mice","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol.\nSin."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.01.028","article-title":"Presence and inter-individual\nvariability\nof carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) in human lung","volume":"150","author":"Gabriele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163624","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.163624","article-title":"Interfering\nwith lipid metabolism through targeting CES1 sensitizes\nhepatocellular carcinoma for chemotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI\nInsight"},{"issue":"No","key":"2026081809092746700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2023.101725","article-title":"Carboxylesterase\n2a\ndeletion provokes hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice\ninvolving impaired diacylglycerol and lysophosphatidylcholine catabolism","volume":"72","author":"Chalhoub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. 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Liver Physiol."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S514498","article-title":"The Active Components\nof Traditional Chinese Medicines Regulate the\nMulti-Target Signaling Pathways of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated\nFatty Liver Disease","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-00894-1","article-title":"Integrated\ntraditional Chinese and\nWestern medicine in the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic\nfatty liver disease: future directions and strategies","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. 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Food Sci."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s43450-022-00233-1","article-title":"Liquiritin Relieves\nOxygen-Glucose Reperfusion-Induced Neuronal Injury\nvia Inhibition of the p38MAPK\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway","volume":"32","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chmed.2023.10.003","article-title":"Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction suppresses inflammation\nand bone destruction in collagen-induced arthritis mice","volume":"16","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. 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Med."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/acm4.1","article-title":"To explore the pathogenesis and scientific connotation\nof non-alcoholic\nfatty liver based on the theory of turbid toxin of traditional Chinese\nmedicine","volume":"1","author":"Kou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Chin. Med."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s44466-025-00014-0","article-title":"NF-\u03baB: master regulator of\ncellular responses in health and disease","volume":"1","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun.\nInflamm."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102296","article-title":"PXR Functionally\nInteracts with NF-\u03baB\nand AP-1 to Downregulate the Inflammation-Induced Expression of Chemokine\nCXCL2 in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Okamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.137306","article-title":"A novel multifunctional\nfluorescent probe for imaging the regulatory\neffects of pregnane X receptor on ferroptosis and carboxylesterase\nin atherosclerosis","volume":"429","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. 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Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030333","article-title":"Inhibition of DPP-4 Attenuates Endotoxemia-Induced NLRC4 Inflammasome\nand Inflammation in Visceral Adipose Tissue of Mice Fed a High-Fat\nDiet","volume":"15","author":"Bianchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1441","article-title":"Nontranscriptional Activity of Interferon Regulatory\nFactor 3 Protects Mice From High-Fat Diet-Induced Liver Injury","volume":"3","author":"Sanz-Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"issue":"1574151","key":"2026081809092746700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574151","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1574151","article-title":"D-Psicose mitigates\nNAFLD mice induced by a high-fat diet by reducing lipid accumulation,\ninflammation, and oxidative stress","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00780-5","article-title":"SPA70 is a\npotent antagonist of human pregnane X receptor","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193094","article-title":"Combination\nof Paclitaxel and PXR Antagonist SPA70 Reverses Paclitaxel-Resistant\nNon-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0230-3","article-title":"Inhibition of NF-\u03baB transcriptional activation\nin HepG2 cells by diterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia maxima","volume":"37","author":"Thao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal Res."},{"key":"2026081809092746700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2022-0484","article-title":"ALKBH5 inhibits\nTNF-\u03b1-induced apoptosis of HUVECs through Bcl-2 pathway","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Med."}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03473","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/32\/23827\/66461305\/acs.analchem.6c03473.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/32\/23827\/66461305\/acs.analchem.6c03473.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:07:31Z","timestamp":1787069251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/32\/23827\/5250469\/A-Near-Infrared-Fluorescent-Probe-for-Monitoring"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c03473","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]}}}