{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:16:13Z","timestamp":1788218173426,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project 22574027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project 22574027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3405402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3405402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The glycated hemoglobin ratio (HbA1c %) serves as the gold standard for diabetes diagnosis, but traditional detection methods require invasive blood testing. Although saliva holds promising noninvasive potential, the complex salivary matrix and the low abundance of salivary hemoglobin (Hb) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) restrict the development of reliable immunoassays. Here, we present an HbA1c\/Hb dual-detection lateral flow assay (LFA) platform for rapid and noninvasive quantification of salivary HbA1c %. The assay integrates two distinct capture strategies onto a single LFA strip: a streptavidin (SA)\u2013biotin bridging system for HbA1c (T1 line) and a conventional double-antibody sandwich format for nonglycated Hb (T2 line). Consequently, our platform enables simultaneous and single-step measurement for the absolute concentrations of both Hb and HbA1c, facilitating the precise calculation of the HbA1c %. The analytical accuracy was validated against paired venous blood samples. Additionally, coupling with a low-cost, 3D-printed, and smartphone-based fluorescence reader, the system provides an economical and efficient point-of care testing solution, particularly for clinical preliminary screening and at-home self-testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c04091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T17:02:15Z","timestamp":1786640535000},"page":"24498-24506","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Noninvasive, Rapid, and Ultrasensitive Detection of\nSalivary Glycated Hemoglobin for Point-of-Care Testing of Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuantang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University Pudong Medical Center , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201399"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University Pudong Medical Center , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201399"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University Pudong Medical Center , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201399"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlu","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University Pudong Medical Center , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201399"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-1595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingxia","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201399"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4282-7992","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiangmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026083118452984000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf177","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas 11th edition 2025:\nglobal prevalence and projections for 2050","volume":"41","author":"Duncan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026083118452984000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06085-1","article-title":"Feasibility of prevention of type 2 diabetes in low-\nand middle-income countries","volume":"67","author":"Kengne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026083118452984000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111637","article-title":"Long-term\nlifestyle intervention can reduce the development of type 2 diabetes\nmellitus in subjects with prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"210","author":"Portal Teixeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"2026083118452984000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S002","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and Classification\nof Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025","volume":"48","author":"Elsayed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083118452984000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v10.i1.1","article-title":"Update\non biomarkers of glycemic control","volume":"10","author":"Krhac","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J.\nDiabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026083118452984000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2016-0278","article-title":"Comparison of HbA1c\ndetection in whole blood and dried blood spots using an automated\nion-exchange HPLC system","volume":"9","author":"Maleska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026083118452984000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0017","article-title":"First evaluation\nof Capillarys 2 Flex Piercing\u00ae (Sebia) as a new analyzer for\nHbA1c assay by capillary electrophoresis","volume":"50","author":"Jaisson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"2026083118452984000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.127561","article-title":"HbA1c detection via\nhigh-sensitive boronate based surface plasmon resonance sensor","volume":"306","author":"Calisir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026083118452984000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3972","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY00518C","article-title":"A colloidal gold-based\nlateral flow immunoassay for\ndirect determination of haemoglobin A1c in whole blood","volume":"7","author":"Ang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026083118452984000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5755","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cc00224k","article-title":"Zeta potential\nbased colorimetric immunoassay for the direct detection of diabetic\nmarker HbA1c using gold nanoprobes","volume":"46","author":"Wangoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083118452984000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0724","article-title":"Potential of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry\nto overcome the interference of hemoglobin variants on HbA1c measurement","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083118452984000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.200800140","article-title":"Systematic\ncomparison\nof the human saliva and plasma proteomes","volume":"3","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proteomics:Clin.\nAppl."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026083118452984000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510380414","article-title":"Comparative Human Salivary and Plasma\nProteomes","volume":"89","author":"Loo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026083118452984000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800008","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201800008","article-title":"A Comparative Proteomics Analysis of Five Body Fluids:\nPlasma, Urine, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Amniotic Fluid, and Saliva","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proteomics:Clin. Appl."},{"key":"2026083118452984000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-061020-123959","article-title":"Saliva Diagnostics","volume":"15","author":"Nonaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev.\nAnal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026083118452984000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205429","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202205429","article-title":"Advances in Electrochemical\nBiosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Protein Biomarker Detection\nin Saliva","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026083118452984000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404558","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202404558","article-title":"A Handheld Saliva Analyzer Employing Homogeneous Nanogrid Film for\nNoninvasive on-Site Detection Periodontitis and Salivary Gland Tumor","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026083118452984000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AN01571B","article-title":"Chemical analysis\nin saliva and the search for salivary biomarkers\u2500a tutorial\nreview","volume":"143","author":"Ngamchuea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026083118452984000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c10035","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and Highly Specific Lateral Flow Assays\nfor Point-of-Care Diagnosis","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026083118452984000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112015","article-title":"Recent advances in\nhigh-sensitivity detection methods for paper-based lateral-flow assay","volume":"152","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026083118452984000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101188","article-title":"Lateral flow assays: Progress and\nevolution of recent trends in point-of-care applications","volume":"28","author":"Kakkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026083118452984000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13152","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202103458","article-title":"Ratiometric\nFluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassay for\nPoint-of-Care Testing of Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026083118452984000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.459","article-title":"Rearranging\nfluorescence-magneto spatiality for \u201cwin-win\u201d dual functions\nto enhance point-of-care diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aggregate"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026083118452984000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21609","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c10574","article-title":"Catalytic Gold-Iridium Nanoparticles\nas Labels for Sensitive Colorimetric Lateral Flow Assay","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026083118452984000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c00509","article-title":"Nanobody in a Double \u201cY\u201d-Shaped Assembly: A Promising\nCandidate for Lateral Flow Immunoassays","volume":"96","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083118452984000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202418725","article-title":"Aptamer and DNAzyme Based Colorimetric\nBiosensors for Pathogen Detection","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026083118452984000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaom.4c00258","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence-Based\nLateral Flow Assay for Detection of Cardiac Troponin T Using Aptamers\nDeveloped through a Modified SELEX Technique","volume":"2","author":"Bachu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Opt. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026083118452984000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04222","article-title":"Investigation of Reagent Delivery Formats in a Multivalent Malaria\nSandwich Immunoassay and Implications for Assay Performance","volume":"88","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"2026083118452984000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-019-02677-6","article-title":"Sensitivity enhancement\nof lateral\nflow assay by embedding cotton threads in paper","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"2026083118452984000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35694-9","article-title":"Development a stacking pad design for enhancing the\nsensitivity of lateral flow immunoassay","volume":"8","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c04091","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/33\/24498\/66533188\/acs.analchem.6c04091.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/33\/24498\/66533188\/acs.analchem.6c04091.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:45:34Z","timestamp":1788216334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/33\/24498\/5254665\/Noninvasive-Rapid-and-Ultrasensitive-Detection-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c04091","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]}}}