{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:43:41Z","timestamp":1792784621195,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017380","name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Shenzhen City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20240813170700001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20240813170700001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017380","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011360","name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLNMZZ2024JS43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLNMZZ2024JS43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2632024PY06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2632024PY06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2632024TD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2632024TD02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX1051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX1051"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Outstanding Youth Fund","award":["BK20240093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20240093"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["32272415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32272415"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["82400252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82400252"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["82472206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472206"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["82670172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82670172"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Low-burden bacterial infections demand rapid and reliable pathogen fingerprinting, yet cross-reactive sensor arrays remain limited by weak and overlapping optical signatures. Here we introduce postcompetitive interface reprogramming (PCIR), a sensor-array strategy that extracts latent bacterial-surface information by reprogramming preformed reporter\u2013bacterium interfaces rather than merely expanding readout dimensionality. Boronic-acid-modified perylene diimide (PDI) reporters first bind bacterial surfaces, generating weak aggregation-caused quenching signals. Subsequent addition of D-chitosan (D-CS), a bacterial-surface-mimicking postcompetitor, differentially perturbs the preformed interfaces while modulating PDI aggregation, thereby producing amplified fluorescence recovery fingerprints. PCIR links the initial bacteria-bound state with the D-CS-reprogrammed end point, unlocking interfacial information inaccessible to either state alone and boosting bacterial LDA-based discrimination capacity index (DCI) 35-fold over direct interface readout. Notably, at an OD600 as low as 0.002, PCIR directly discriminated 20 clinically relevant uropathogens in urine, without sample pretreatment or pre-enrichment incubation, achieving 97.5% blind-test accuracy. Together, these results establish PCIR as an interface-centered strategy for converting weak bacterial-surface information into high-resolution pathogen fingerprints in complex biofluids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c04432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:01:28Z","timestamp":1789826488000},"page":"29077-29088","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-Competitive\nInterface Reprogramming for Amplified\nMultiplex Bacterial Fingerprinting in Biofluids"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Pharmaceutical University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211198"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongzheng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dian Jiang General Hospital of Chongqing , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 408300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengqiong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dian Jiang General Hospital of Chongqing , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 408300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoju","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dian Jiang General Hospital of Chongqing , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 408300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dian Jiang General Hospital of Chongqing , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 408300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dian Jiang General Hospital of Chongqing , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 408300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Pharmaceutical University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211198"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7494-4552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Pharmaceutical University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211198"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingliang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dian Jiang General Hospital of Chongqing , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 408300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dian Jiang General Hospital of Chongqing , ,","place":["Chongqing, China, 408300"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1832-2641","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinsong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Pharmaceutical University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, China, 211198"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01076-6","article-title":"Antimicrobial\nresistance: An agenda for all","volume":"403","author":"The","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial\nantimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis with\nforecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48130\/targetome-0026-0016","article-title":"A multisite bridging\nmediated lateral flow immunoassay for the enhanced detection of mosquito-borne\nviruses","volume":"2","author":"Nie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Targetome"},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9107","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c01594","article-title":"Visual\nsensor arrays for distinction of phenolic\nacids based on two single-atom nanozymes","volume":"95","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117873","article-title":"Patterned\nmicroarrays or nanoscale assemblies for optical sensing\nof biomarkers","volume":"179","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.152685","article-title":"pH-modulated peroxidase-like\nPtNi nanowires-colorimetric \u201cchemical nose\u201d sensor array\nfor detection and identification of thiophene compounds","volume":"493","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202006230","article-title":"Array-based biosensors for bacteria detection: From\nthe perspective of recognition","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115794","article-title":"Design\nof smart chemical\n\u2018tongue\u2019 sensor arrays for pattern-recognition-based\nbiochemical sensing applications","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends\nAnal. Chem."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5190","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201809607","article-title":"Array-based \u201cChemical Nose\u201d\nsensing in diagnostics and drug discovery","volume":"58","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew.\nChem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00226","article-title":"The optoelectronic nose: Colorimetric\nand fluorometric sensor arrays","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2024.104564","article-title":"Machine learning-assisted\nnanosensor arrays: An efficiently high-throughput food detection analysis","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SD00229F","article-title":"Recent\nadvances in sensor arrays\naided by machine learning for pathogen identification","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Diagn."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.116945","article-title":"Machine learning-assisted optical nano-sensor\narrays in microorganism analysis","volume":"159","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends\nAnal. Chem."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16849","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c23220","article-title":"Enzymatic charge switching in asymmetric dual-barrel\nnanopipettes for multiplex and label-free bacterial detection","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36024-y","article-title":"Differential sensing\nwith arrays of de novo designed peptide assemblies","volume":"14","author":"Dawson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40061","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c14974","article-title":"Nanosensor-based pattern-generating\nprobe accelerates sepsis diagnosis","volume":"19","author":"Ni","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202318483","article-title":"A dual fluorescence turn-on sensor array formed\nby Poly(para-aryleneethynylene) and aggregation-induced emission fluorophores\nfor sensitive multiplexed bacterial recognition","volume":"63","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8917","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c12798","article-title":"Phenotyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a ratiometric sensor array","volume":"145","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309259","article-title":"A general strategy for food traceability and\nauthentication based on assembly-tunable fluorescence sensor arrays","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c12959","article-title":"Pillar[5]arene-based\nfluorescent sensor array for biosensing of intracellular multi-neurotransmitters\nthrough host\u2013guest recognitions","volume":"144","author":"Mei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am.\nChem. Soc."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213607","article-title":"Molecular self-assembled chemosensors\nand their arrays","volume":"429","author":"Sasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6371","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c00922","article-title":"Multistep array-based\nsensing of bioanalytes using modified MoS2, fluorescence\nproteins, and cucurbituril","volume":"7","author":"Behera","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8008","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b03657","article-title":"Cancer cell discrimination\nusing host\u2013guest \u201cDoubled\u201d arrays","volume":"139","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.217504","article-title":"The evolution of chemical sensor arrays: From\nmolecular recognition to problem solving","volume":"552","author":"Han","year":"2026","journal-title":"Coord.\nChem. Rev."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2024.216025","article-title":"Multiple bacteria recognition\nmechanisms and their applications","volume":"517","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coord. Chem.\nRev."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7725","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01340D","article-title":"Recent progress in fluorescent\nprobes for bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.166078","article-title":"Recent progress on fluorescence labeling of\nbacteria: Binding strategies, probes, and applications","volume":"520","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01269","article-title":"A cell membrane fluorogenic\nprobe for Gram-positive\nbacteria imaging and real-time tracking of bacterial viability","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c03694","article-title":"Identifying pathoadaptation\nin Pseudomonas aeruginosa using glycopolymer sensor\narrays","volume":"11","author":"Johnson","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10291","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02236","article-title":"One-component\nmultichannel\nsensor array for rapid identification of bacteria","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202523348","article-title":"Boosting\narray-based diagnosis of urinary tract\ninfections via a heterobifunctional bridge-driven strategy","volume":"65","author":"Kuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7466","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.4c01129","article-title":"A glycopolymer sensor\narray that differentiates lectins and bacteria","volume":"25","author":"Leslie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01092-4","article-title":"Urinary tract infections:\nPathogenesis,\nhost susceptibility and emerging therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Timm","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-022-00602-4","article-title":"Immunomodulation therapy\noffers new molecular strategies to treat UTI","volume":"19","author":"Butler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011926","article-title":"Exosomes\nderived from\nbladder epithelial cells infected with uropathogenic Escherichia coli increase the severity of urinary\ntract infections (UTIs) by impairing macrophage function","volume":"20","author":"Mulvey","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0362-4","article-title":"Epidemiology,\ndefinition and treatment of complicated urinary tract infections","volume":"17","author":"Wagenlehner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary\ntract infections:\nEpidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Flores-Mireles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.101","article-title":"Host\u2013pathogen\ninteractions in urinary tract\ninfection","volume":"7","author":"Nielubowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00019-07","article-title":"Complicated\ncatheter-associated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis","volume":"21","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-021-00477-x","article-title":"Molecular determinants\nof disease severity in urinary tract infection","volume":"18","author":"Ambite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0324-0","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: Microbial\npathogenesis, host\u2013pathogen\ninteractions and new treatment strategies","volume":"18","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9061272","article-title":"Array-based\nsensing\nof normal, cancerous, and metastatic cells using conjugated fluorescent\npolymers","volume":"132","author":"Bajaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2017.04.008","article-title":"A hypothesis-free sensor array discriminates\nwhiskies for brand, age, and taste","volume":"2","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8231","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SC02792H","article-title":"High-content and high-throughput\nidentification of macrophage polarization phenotypes","volume":"11","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SD00069F","article-title":"Array-based polymer-phage\nbiosensors for detection and differentiation of bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Ochirbat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Diagn."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14080360","article-title":"Nanosensor-enabled detection\nand identification of intracellular bacterial infections in macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1039\/C7PY00227K","article-title":"Fingerprinting antibiotics\nwith PAE-based fluorescent sensor arrays","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym.\nChem."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12899","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SC02116A","article-title":"Direct discrimination\nof cell surface glycosylation signatures using a single pH-responsive\nboronic acid-functionalized polymer","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56693-4","article-title":"A new\nartificial urine protocol to\nbetter imitate human urine","volume":"9","author":"Sarigul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-025-01065-z","article-title":"CAUTIon \u2500\nnot all UTIs are the same","volume":"22","author":"Molina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.027","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant\nbacterial infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and\nwith acute-on-chronic liver failure in Europe","volume":"70","author":"Ferna\u0301ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.03.035","article-title":"European association\nof urology guidelines on urological infections: Summary of the 2024\nguidelines","volume":"86","author":"Kranz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03855-2","article-title":"Clinical impact of rapid\nsusceptibility testing on Mueller-Hinton Rapid-SIR directly from urine\nspecimens","volume":"39","author":"Pilmis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.\nDis."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00044-16","article-title":"The clinical urine culture:\nEnhanced techniques improve detection of clinically relevant microorganisms","volume":"54","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01346-6","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection-induced epithelial trained\nimmunity impacts urinary tract disease outcome","volume":"8","author":"Russell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2022.06.003","article-title":"Role of metabolism in uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100608083670500_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n725","article-title":"Uncomplicated\nurinary tract infection\nin women","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c04432","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/39\/29077\/68563317\/acs.analchem.6c04432.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/39\/29077\/68563317\/acs.analchem.6c04432.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:24:40Z","timestamp":1791289480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/39\/29077\/5433238\/Post-Competitive-Interface-Reprogramming-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c04432","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]}}}