{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:59:43Z","timestamp":1790693983335,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2025MS111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025MS111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A single-electrode electrochemical system (SEES) shows outstanding advantages of high-throughput detection and portable imaging. Yet, its traditional series structure makes it difficult for some luminescent materials to achieve clear electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging, and it also suffers from uneven voltage distribution. Thus, altering the SEES structure and enhancing ECL performance are key challenges to achieve high-resolution ECL imaging. Here, this study innovatively designed a unique parallel ten-channel SEES device, introduced HOF-14 and Agm\/ATT-Au NCs as dual-color ECL luminophors, and used the coreactant accelerator TiO2@Au to enhance ECL of dual emitters for the first time, achieving spatially resolved high-throughput ECL imaging detection of dual mycotoxins. Compared with the traditional series structure, the parallel design in SEES effectively enhances the system\u2019s voltage division effect, ensures the stability and consistency of each channel, and enables many emitters to achieve ECL imaging. The electrode structure was divided into two parts: Agm\/ATT-Au NCs and HOF-14 were immobilized to the upper and lower parts, respectively. The present targets zearalenone (ZEN) and alternariol (AOH) introduced TiO2@Au to the electrode through an amplification strategy, effectively accelerating TPrA to generate more reactive radicals TPrA\u2022+ for dual-emitters, achieving significant enhancement of dual-color ECL for fast and high-throughput imaging detection of ZEN and AOH. The ten-channel parallel design supports more emitters for simultaneous detection of multiple samples, significantly improving analysis efficiency. The enhanced ECL can be directly captured by a regular mobile phone without relying on large imaging equipment, providing a practical new strategy for on-site rapid screening and portable detection in analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c04696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:02:09Z","timestamp":1789657329000},"page":"28566-28576","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A TiO2@Au-Enhanced Portable Parallel Single-Electrode\nElectrochemiluminescence Array for High-Throughput Dual-Color Imaging\nDetection of Mycotoxins"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Qingdao, P. R. China, 266042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihebai","family":"Wumuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Qingdao, P. R. China, 266042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Qingdao, P. R. China, 266042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6416-6523","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guifen","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Qingdao, P. R. China, 266042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12370","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c01631","article-title":"Harnessing the Intrinsic Chemical Reactivity of the\nMycotoxin Patulin for Immunosensing","volume":"96","author":"Duncan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7021","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04494","article-title":"Concise History of Mycotoxin Research","volume":"65","author":"Pitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9024","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c03270","article-title":"Metal-Organic Frameworks Functionalized Porous Screen-Printed\nElectrodes for Label-Free Ratiometric Electrochemical Immunosensing\nof Mycotoxin","volume":"10","author":"Veenuttranon","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.135538","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of zearalenone\nand alternariol\nmycotoxins in oil samples using mixed molecularly imprinted polymer\nbeads","volume":"412","author":"Moya-Cavas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21508","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c03676","article-title":"Active Radicals Enriched by the Nanoconfinement\nEffect Synergistically Enhance ECL with a Co-Reaction Accelerator\nfor Zearalenone Detection","volume":"97","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9043","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c00430","article-title":"Solvent Regulation\nInduced Cathode Aggregation-Induced\nECL of Tetraphenylethene Nanoaggregates for Ultrasensitive Zearalenone\nAnalysis","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14406","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c01021","article-title":"Portable ECL Microarray Sensor for\nMachine Learning-Assisted\nQuantitative Analysis of Zearalenone","volume":"98","author":"Manzoor","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22380","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c04937","article-title":"Study on the Enhancement of Electrochemical\nand ECL Behaviors of Au-Ag Nanoclusters Based on Synergistic and Ligand\nEffects","volume":"97","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113702","article-title":"Shortened and multivalent\naptamers for ultrasensitive and rapid detection of alternariol in\nwheat using optical waveguide sensors","volume":"196","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens.\nBioelectron."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134190","article-title":"Fluorescence\nand colorimetric dual-mode\nimmunoassay based on G-quadruplex\/N-methylmesoporphyrin IX and p-nitrophenol\nfor detection of zearalenone","volume":"401","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304729f","article-title":"Rapid Method\nfor the Determination of Multiple Mycotoxins\nin Wines and Beers by LC-MS\/MS Using a Stable Isotope Dilution Assay","volume":"61","author":"Al-Taher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126778","article-title":"Quantification\nof zearalenone in mildewing cereal crops using an innovative photoelectrochemical\naptamer sensing strategy based on ZnO-NGQDs composites","volume":"322","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141370","article-title":"Smart modulation\nby bifunctional probes PNAI@Co3O4\/Au NPs of\nthe light\/electric response of Au-Ag\nNCs to realize the dual-channel precise detection of AOH","volume":"463","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2024.137071","article-title":"Dual-mode ratiometric\nbiosensor based on self-feedback\namplification strategy for the sensitive evaluation of methylated\nDNA","volume":"426","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117964","article-title":"Ultrasensitive\nmultifunctional\nbiosensor integrating ECL quenching and DPV enhancement for early\nclassification of thyroid cancer via BRAF V600E and microRNA-221 detection","volume":"290","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.04.015","article-title":"A portable\nwireless single-electrode\nsystem for electrochemiluminescent analysis","volume":"308","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c04570","article-title":"High-Throughput Electrosynthesis\nof Gradient Polypyrrole Film Using a Single-Electrode Electrochemical\nSystem","volume":"95","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c03142","article-title":"Melamine-Modified\nMetal-Organic Framework\nas Novel ECL Enhancer for Single-Electrode Multiplex cTnI Immunosensor","volume":"97","author":"Eticha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c04709","article-title":"Single-Electrode\nElectrochemical System for the Visual and High-Throughput ECL Immunoassay","volume":"94","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2022.140431","article-title":"Single-electrode\nelectrochemical system based on tris(1,10-phenanthroline)\nruthenium modified carbon nanotube\/graphene film electrode for visual\nECL analysis","volume":"420","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2024.118103","article-title":"A Ti3C2 modified\nsingle electrode electrochemical system for the gold nanoprism-enhanced\nECL detection of HER2","volume":"956","author":"Kazerouni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15110","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c03285","article-title":"Boosting ECL Immunoassay\nSensitivity via Co-Pt Nanoparticles within a Ti3C2 MXene-Modified Single Electrode Electrochemical System on Raspberry\nPi","volume":"95","author":"Firoozbakhtian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.1c00230","article-title":"Rational Design\nof Electrochemiluminescent Devices","volume":"54","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acc. Chem.\nRes."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18815","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c03747","article-title":"Single-Electrode\nECL System for High-Throughput Visual Analysis of Chloramphenicol","volume":"97","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19870","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c03878","article-title":"Single-Electrode\nHigh-Throughput Dual-Color ECL Array Biosensor: Portable Parallel\nScreening of Marine Pathogens","volume":"97","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408946","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202408946","article-title":"Enhanced ECL of\nPorphyrin-Based Hydrogen-Bonded Organic\nFrameworks at Low Positive Potential via Substituent-Induced Outer-Sphere\nMicroenvironment Modulation","volume":"21","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5696","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c14258","article-title":"Polarity-Switching\nPhotoelectrochemical Detection of Ochratoxin A Based on Target-Responsive\nDendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle and Z-Scheme Hemin\/HOF-101\nHeterostructure","volume":"74","author":"Xiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141591","article-title":"A HOF-101@AgNPs-based dual-signal mode aptasensor for\nECL and fluorescence detection of E. coli O157:H7","volume":"464","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.138916","article-title":"Signal-amplified\nelectrochemiluminescent aptasensor\nfor ultrasensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using ferrocene-quenched\nHOF-101 and hybridization chain reaction","volume":"447","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sens.\nActuators, B Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11667","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c18834","article-title":"ECL Mechanisms and Bioanalysis\nBased on Multishape\nGold Nanoparticles and Visualized ATT-Au NCs","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420714","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202420714","article-title":"Ternary Heterojunction ZnS-ZnIn2S4-In2S3 Efficiently Catalyzes Triethylamine to Enhance Electrochemiluminescence\nImaging Signals","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c04182","article-title":"Surface Charge Redistribution-Induced ECL Enhancement of Gold Nanoclusters:\nThe Novel Generation of Efficient Illuminants","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16900","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c03783","article-title":"Study on the ECL\nEmission Mechanism of HOF-14 and Its Multimode Sensing and Imaging\nApplication","volume":"96","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c07223","article-title":"Single-Electrode\nHigh-Throughput 12-Well Array ECL Imaging Sensor for Portable Parallel\nDual-Color Analysis of Dual Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes","volume":"98","author":"Dong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32960","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c08823","article-title":"Photoswitchable\nCRISPR\/Cas12a-Amplified\nand Co3O4@Au Nanoemitter Based Triple-Amplified\nDiagnostic ECL Biosensor for Detection of miRNA-141","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14926","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c02991","article-title":"Framework-Induced\nElectrochemiluminescence Enhancement of an AIEgen-Based MOF Coupled\nwith Heterostructured TiO2@Ag NPs as an Efficient Coreaction\nAccelerator for Sensitive Biosensing","volume":"96","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.137863","article-title":"A novel aggregation-induced\nECL immunosensor based on Ag@EuW10-PEI composite for the detection\nof CA19\u20139","volume":"439","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10679","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c02186","article-title":"Anti-Fouling\nMagnetic Beads Combined with Signal Amplification Strategies for Ultra-Sensitive\nand Selective ECL Detection of MicroRNAs in Complex Biological Media","volume":"93","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b05795","article-title":"Novel Ru(bpy)2(cpabhen)2+\/TPrA\/TiO2 Ternary ECL System: An\nEfficient Platform for the Detection of Glutathione with Mn2+ as Substitute Target","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CC07802A","article-title":"A novel\nmesoporous hydrogen-bonded organic framework with high porosity and\nstability","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"2026092909114203100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.138586","article-title":"Spatial\nhindrance effect-based photoelectrochemical aptasensor for the real-time\nmonitoring and in situ eradication of pathogenic bacteria","volume":"445","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators, B Chem."}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c04696","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/38\/28566\/68545187\/acs.analchem.6c04696.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/38\/28566\/68545187\/acs.analchem.6c04696.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:03:55Z","timestamp":1790690635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/38\/28566\/5432073\/A-TiO2-Au-Enhanced-Portable-Parallel-Single"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c04696","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}