{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:01:30Z","timestamp":1791291690225,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is widely used for on-site detection of chemical warfare agents due to its high sensitivity and rapid response times. While volatile G-series nerve agents can be detected directly in the gas phase, detection of low-volatility agents such as VX or A-series nerve agents (Novichoks) is considerably more challenging. For VX, indirect detection is often achieved through the volatile hydrolysis product VX-thiol, which can dominate the vapor phase above VX samples. Whether comparable volatile marker compounds exist for A-series agents has remained largely unexplored. In this study, the vapor-phase composition above small droplets of the Novichok agents A-230, A-232, and A-234 was investigated under controlled humidity conditions using IMS. Reference spectra of potential marker compounds, including N,N-diethylacetamidine and N,N-diethylacetamide, were recorded to support signal assignment. For VX, increasing humidity resulted in an increased VX-thiol response, consistent with enhanced hydrolytic formation of this volatile marker. In contrast, the expected amidine marker showed only very limited vapor-phase availability for the investigated A-series agents. Weak N,N-diethylacetamidine signals were detected for A-230 and A-232 at an elevated humidity level of 80% RH, whereas no corresponding signal was observed for A-234. N,N-Diethylacetamide was consistently detected shortly after introduction of the respective A-series samples. Pre-experimental GC\u2013MS analysis showed that this latter compound was already present in the agent stocks, whereas N,N-diethylacetamidine remained undetected in stock samples. The initial amide signal therefore most likely reflects a preexisting volatile constituent associated with synthesis and\/or storage rather than formation during the IMS experiment. Overall, the results indicate that a hydrolysis-based marker strategy analogous to VX-thiol is considerably less effective for A-230, A-232, and A-234 under the investigated conditions. No comparably robust hydrolysis-derived volatile marker was identified for the A-series agents, while preexisting volatile constituents may influence rapid gas-phase screening. The findings highlight both the potential and the limitations of extending existing IMS-based gas monitoring approaches to low-volatility nerve agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c04890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T01:03:59Z","timestamp":1789779839000},"page":"29108-29118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indirect Detection\nof Novichok Nerve Agents A-230,\nA-232, and A-234 by Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Limitations\nof Hydrolysis-Based Marker Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8935-2739","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria","family":"Allers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection , Humboldtstra\u00dfe 100 , ,","place":["Munster, Germany, 29633"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4753-4483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andre\u0301","family":"Ahrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz University Hannover , , Appelstra\u00dfe 9a , ,","place":["Hannover, Germany, 30167"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8950-8788","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moritz","family":"Hitzemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz University Hannover , , Appelstra\u00dfe 9a , ,","place":["Hannover, Germany, 30167"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-6657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefan","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz University Hannover , , Appelstra\u00dfe 9a , ,","place":["Hannover, Germany, 30167"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4819-0048","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arne","family":"Ficks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection , Humboldtstra\u00dfe 100 , ,","place":["Munster, Germany, 29633"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100608083431200_cit1","volume-title":"Handbook\nof Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026100608083431200_cit2","volume-title":"Chemical\nwarfare agents","author":"Sidell","year":"2007","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026100608083431200_cit3","volume-title":"Compendium of chemical\nwarfare agents","author":"Hoenig","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026100608083431200_cit4","volume-title":"State\nsecrets: an insider\u2019s chronicle of the Russian chemical weapons\nprogram","author":"Mirzayanov","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026100608083431200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30071615","article-title":"History of Organophosphorus\nCompounds in the Context of Their Use as Chemical Warfare Agents","volume":"30","author":"Boczkowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026100608083431200_cit6","volume-title":"Attacks on Ghouta - Analysis of alleged\nuse of chemical weapons in Syria","author":"Human Rights Watch.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026100608083431200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-018-0426-9","article-title":"Murders with VX:\nAum Shinrikyo in Japan and the assassination of\nKim Jong-Nam in Malaysia","volume":"36","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"2026100608083431200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.31482\/mmsl.2017.013","article-title":"What killed\nKim Jong-Nam? 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