{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:08:38Z","timestamp":1788872918155,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22074073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22074073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22374085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22374085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2021YQ11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021YQ11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>S100B is a clinically important biomarker for traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, necessitating the development of sensitive and reliable analytical methods for its determination in complex biological fluids susceptible to potential biofouling and electroactive interference. Herein, we report a robust antifouling photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunoassay based on a self-assembled peptide hydrogel-engineered Au\/SCN\/PCN-222 photocathode for sensitive S100B detection. The Au\/SCN\/PCN-222 photocathode integrates sulfur-doped carbon nitride (SCN) quantum dots and Au nanoparticles with the porphyrinic metal\u2013organic framework PCN-222, serving as the signal transduction element with enhanced light absorption and improved charge transfer, thereby increasing the cathodic photocurrent response. To address nonspecific adsorption and biofouling, a self-assembled Fmoc-FF-GG-EK-EK-EK peptide hydrogel was engineered on the photocathode surface, forming a highly hydrated, charge-balanced three-dimensional interface that effectively suppresses biofouling while enabling efficient antibody immobilization. Upon specific recognition of S100B, immune complex formation increases interfacial steric hindrance and suppresses charge transfer, resulting in a concentration-dependent decrease in photocurrent. The proposed PEC immunoassay exhibited high sensitivity, excellent antifouling performance, and good selectivity, enabling reliable analysis in complex biological matrices. This work establishes a general peptide hydrogel-based interfacial engineering strategy for antifouling PEC bioanalysis, providing a versatile and robust platform for biomarker detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c05145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T22:13:23Z","timestamp":1788128003000},"page":"26117-26128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Assembled\nPeptide Hydrogel-Engineered Au\/SCN\/PCN-222\nPhotocathode for Antifouling Photoelectrochemical Immunoassay of S100B"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-3115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gao-Chao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-7089","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiliang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Qingdao, China, 266042"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14574","article-title":"The S100B story:\nfrom biomarker to active factor in neural injury","volume":"148","author":"Michetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03673-x","article-title":"Emerging role of S100B protein implication\nin Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"78","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NH00192J","article-title":"Colloidal\ngold-based\nimmunochromatographic biosensor for quantitative detection of S100B\nin serum samples","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale Horiz."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17711","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c03897","article-title":"Bifunctional\nMoO3-x\/CuS heterojunction nanozyme-driven \u201cturn-on\u201d\nSERS signal for the sensitive detection of cerebral infarction biomarker\nS100B","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2017.024752","article-title":"Performance evaluation\nof a serum S-100B ELISA for\nuse with cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"2","author":"Erickson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab.\nMed."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.5c00337","article-title":"Peptide-based fluorescent\nbiosensing system for the detection of the melanoma biomarker S100B","volume":"36","author":"Chatzilakou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118047","article-title":"Dual-signal\nelectrochemical immunoassay based on PAMAM@MXene-modified electrode\nfor simultaneous detection of S100B and NSE","volume":"291","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1709420","article-title":"Sensitive\nimmunosensing\nof melanoma biomarker based on enhanced electrochemiluminescence via\nelectronic metal-support interactions","volume":"13","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front.\nChem."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b04199","article-title":"Recent advances in\nphotoelectrochemical sensing: from engineered\nphotoactive materials to sensing devices and detection modes","volume":"92","author":"Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2022.214675","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical biosensing platforms\nfor tumor marker detection","volume":"469","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coordin. Chem. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c01350","article-title":"Antifouling\npeptide hydrogel based\nelectrochemical biosensors for highly sensitive detection of cancer\nbiomarker HER2 in human serum","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7160","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CY01735C","article-title":"Pyrolysis-driven synthesis of nanoscale carambola-like\ncarbon decorated\nwith atomically dispersed Fe sites toward efficient oxygen reduction\nreaction","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b03008","article-title":"Facile synthesis\nof photoluminescent graphitic carbon\nnitride quantum dots for Hg2+ detection and room temperature\nphosphorescence","volume":"6","author":"Patir","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900218","article-title":"Expanding the functional\nscope of the fmoc-diphenylalanine hydrogelator\nby introducing a rigidifying and chemically active urea backbone modification","volume":"6","author":"Basavalingappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9877","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c22732","article-title":"Tuning the photoelectrochemical properties of Ti\/W-modified PCN-222\nusing charge\u2013selective interfaces","volume":"18","author":"Expo\u0301sito-Ga\u0301lvez","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS\nAppl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12155","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TA01307G","article-title":"Zr-based metal\u2013organic\nframework PCN-222@defective ZnIn2S4 core\u2013shell\nZ-scheme heterojunctions toward efficient charge separation and optimized\nphotocatalytic performance","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. 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Eng.\nJ."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2023.103048","article-title":"Sulfur-doped\ngraphitic carbon nitride: Tailored nanostructures for photocatalytic,\nsensing, and energy storage applications","volume":"322","author":"Mohammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv.\nColloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202301462","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride\nquantum dots (g-C3N4 QDs): from chemistry to\napplications","volume":"17","author":"Majdoub","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9236","DOI":"10.1021\/ja502076b","article-title":"Cu2ZnSnS4-Pt and Cu2ZnSnS4-Au heterostructured nanoparticles for photocatalytic water splitting\nand pollutant degradation","volume":"136","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11207","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03484","article-title":"Zirconium-based\nporphyrinic metal\u2013organic framework\n(PCN-222): enhanced photoelectrochemical response and its application\nfor label-free phosphoprotein detection","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28280","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c04645","article-title":"Enhanced ultrasensitive\nphotoelectrochemical probe for phosphate detection in water based\non a zirconium\u2013porphyrin framework","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS\nAppl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2025.102921","article-title":"Self-assembled\npeptide nanofibrous hydrogel based multifunctional platform for rapid\nreprogramming and in situ monitoring of tumor cells into cancer stem\ncells","volume":"66","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6565","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.7b00902","article-title":"Tuning the flexibility\nof glycine-serine linkers to allow rational design of multidomain\nproteins","volume":"56","author":"van Rosmalen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6000","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3006868","article-title":"Sequence, structure,\nand function of peptide self-assembled monolayers","volume":"134","author":"Nowinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. 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Interfaces"},{"key":"2026090808070563200_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10596","DOI":"10.1039\/D3GC02774K","article-title":"Continuous flow synthesis of PCN-222\n(MOF-545) with controlled size and morphology: A sustainable approach\nfor efficient production","volume":"25","author":"Zuliani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Green Chem."}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c05145","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/35\/26117\/67339854\/acs.analchem.6c05145.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/98\/35\/26117\/67339854\/acs.analchem.6c05145.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:30:51Z","timestamp":1788870651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/98\/35\/26117\/5322844\/Self-Assembled-Peptide-Hydrogel-Engineered-Au-SCN"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.6c05145","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}