{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:18:17Z","timestamp":1788365897287,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P25749-B20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P25749-B20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["843594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["843594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gas-phase electrophoresis employing a nano-electrospray differential mobility analyzer (nES DMA), aka gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (nES GEMMA), enables nanoparticle separation in the gas-phase according to their surface-dry diameter with number-based concentration\u00a0detection. Moreover, particles in the nanometer size range can be collected after size selection on supporting materials. It has been shown by subsequent analyses employing orthogonal methods, for instance, microscopic or antibody-based techniques, that the surface integrity of collected analytes remains intact. Additionally, native nES GEMMA demonstrated its applicability for liposome characterization. Liposomes are nanometer-sized, biodegradable, and rather labile carriers (nanoobjects) consisting of a lipid bilayer encapsulating an aqueous lumen. In nutritional and pharmaceutical applications, these vesicles allow shielded, targeted transport and sustained release of bioactive cargo material. To date, cargo quantification is based on bulk measurements after bilayer rupture. In this context, we now compare capillary electrophoresis and spectroscopic characterization of vesicles in solution (bulk measurements) to the possibility of spectroscopic investigation of individual, size-separated\/collected liposomes after nES GEMMA. Surface-dried, size-selected vesicles were collected intact on calcium fluoride (CaF2) substrates and zinc selenide (ZnSe) prisms, respectively, for subsequent spectroscopic investigation. Our proof-of-principle study demonstrates that the off-line hyphenation of gas-phase electrophoresis and confocal Raman spectroscopy allows detection of isolated, nanometer-sized soft material\/objects. Additionally, atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) as an advanced spectroscopic system was employed to access molecule-specific information with nanoscale lateral resolution. The off-line hyphenation of nES GEMMA and AFM-IR is introduced to enable chemical imaging of single, i.e., individual, liposome particles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b04252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]],"date-time":"2019-02-08T11:00:26Z","timestamp":1549623626000},"page":"3860-3868","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Native Nano-electrospray Differential Mobility Analyzer\n(nES GEMMA) Enables Size Selection of Liposomal Nanocarriers Combined\nwith Subsequent Direct Spectroscopic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-6819","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victor U.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) , , ,","place":["Vienna, Austria, A-1060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) , , ,","place":["Vienna, Austria, A-1060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2714-7056","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schwaighofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) , , ,","place":["Vienna, Austria, A-1060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Lendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) , , ,","place":["Vienna, Austria, A-1060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guenter","family":"Allmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) , , ,","place":["Vienna, Austria, A-1060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026090211313737700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1021\/ac951128f","article-title":"Macromolecule\nanalysis based on electrophoretic mobility in air: globular proteins","volume":"68","author":"Kaufman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. 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J."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090211313737700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2007.02.015","article-title":"Sizing large proteins\nand protein complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry\nand ion mobility","volume":"18","author":"Kaddis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090211313737700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8709","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b01450","article-title":"Analysis of a common\ncold virus and its subviral particles by gas-phase electrophoretic\nmobility molecular analysis and native mass spectrometry","volume":"87","author":"Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090211313737700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN00561B","article-title":"A uniform\nmeasurement expression for cross method comparison of nanoparticle\naggregate size distributions","volume":"140","author":"Dudkiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090211313737700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201300460","article-title":"Comparative\nmethod evaluation for size and size-distribution analysis of gold\nnanoparticles","volume":"36","author":"Hinterwirth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sep Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090211313737700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2012.09.004","article-title":"Analysis\nand handling of bio-nanoparticles and environmental nanoparticles\nusing electrostatic aerosol mobility","volume":"11","author":"Kallinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090211313737700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201300307","article-title":"Characterization of cross-linked\ngelatin nanoparticles by electrophoretic techniques in the liquid\nand the gas phase","volume":"34","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090211313737700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8535-3","article-title":"Size and shape characterization of\nhydrated and desiccated exosomes","volume":"407","author":"Chernyshev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. 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Pharm."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090211313737700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6042","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AN00687F","article-title":"Nano electrospray gas-phase\nelectrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA) of liposomes:\napplicability of the technique for nano vesicle batch control","volume":"141","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090211313737700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-016-1483-0","article-title":"nES GEMMA Analysis\nof Lectins and Their Interactions with Glycoproteins - Separation,\nDetection, and Sampling of Noncovalent Biospecific Complexes","volume":"28","author":"Engel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026090211313737700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328934","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/328934","article-title":"Toxicity of silver nanoparticles at the air-liquid\ninterface","volume":"2013","author":"Holder","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090211313737700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1366\/12-06804","article-title":"AFM-IR: combining atomic force microscopy and infrared\nspectroscopy for nanoscale chemical characterization","volume":"66","author":"Dazzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090211313737700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1585","article-title":"High-resolution\nFourier-transform infrared chemical imaging with multiple synchrotron\nbeams","volume":"8","author":"Nasse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. 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Spectrosc."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090211313737700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5529","DOI":"10.1021\/ac000718x","article-title":"Multidimensional\ninformation on the chemical composition of single bacterial cells\nby confocal Raman microspectroscopy","volume":"72","author":"Schuster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090211313737700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2164(10)70005-8","article-title":"Shining light on\nthe microbial world the application of Raman microspectroscopy","volume":"70","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090211313737700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-017-3484-5","article-title":"Persistent\ncytarabine and daunorubicin exposure after administration of novel\nliposomal formulation CPX-351: population pharmacokinetic assessment","volume":"81","author":"Nikanjam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090211313737700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(00)00243-0","article-title":"Determination\nof free and encapsulated\noligonucleotides in liposome formulated drug product","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090211313737700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(02)00673-8","article-title":"Determination of clodronate\ncontent in liposomal formulation\nby capillary zone electrophoresis","volume":"31","author":"Perjesi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm.\nBiomed. Anal."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090211313737700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.107.128074","article-title":"Examining the contributions of lipid\nshape and headgroup\ncharge on bilayer behavior","volume":"95","author":"Dickey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090211313737700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.104.048835","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanolamine-phosphatidylglycerol\nbilayer as a model of the inner bacterial membrane","volume":"88","author":"Murzyn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biophys. 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Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090211313737700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80723-4","article-title":"Components of the\nCarbonyl Stretching Band in the Infrared-Spectra of Hydrated 1,2-Diacylglycerolipid\nBilayers - a Reevaluation","volume":"67","author":"Lewis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090211313737700_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/05704920701829043","article-title":"Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)\nspectroscopy of biological tissues","volume":"43","author":"Movasaghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. 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