{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:57:32Z","timestamp":1790470652447,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31800827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31800827"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The surface charge of cells affects cell signaling, cell metabolic processes, adherence to surfaces, and cell proliferation. Our understanding of the role of membrane charges is limited due to the inability to observe changes without interfering, chemically or physically, with the cell or its membrane. Here, we report that a photoelectrochemical imaging system (PEIS) based on label-free ac-photocurrent measurements at indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates can be used to map the basal surface charge of single live cells under physiological conditions. Cells were cultured on the ITO substrate. Photocurrent images were generated by scanning a focused, modulated laser beam across the back of the ITO coated glass substrate under an applied bias voltage. The photocurrent was shown to be sensitive to the negative surface charge of the substrate facing, basal side of a single living cell\u2500an area not accessible to other electrochemical or electrophysiological imaging techniques. The PEIS was used to monitor the lysis of mesenchymal stem cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b00304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T18:18:46Z","timestamp":1555352326000},"page":"5896-5903","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Photoelectrochemical Imaging System for the Mapping\nof Cell Surface Charges"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London , , Mile End Road , ,","place":["London, U.K., E1 4NS"]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London , , Mile End Road , ,","place":["London, U.K., E1 4NS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muchun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London , , Mile End Road , ,","place":["London, U.K., E1 4NS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anirban","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London , , Mile End Road , ,","place":["London, U.K., E1 4NS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Watkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele University , , , ,","place":["Staffordshire, U.K., ST5 5BG"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Hing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London , , Mile End Road , ,","place":["London, U.K., E1 4NS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7665-2182","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"De-Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Health Science Center , , , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8532-4244","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steffi","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London , , Mile End Road , ,","place":["London, U.K., E1 4NS"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"43","key":"2026090315364440700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17380","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304266110","article-title":"Cancer cell\nexosomes depend on cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans for\ntheir internalization and functional activity","volume":"110","author":"Christianson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. 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J.; Yoshinobu, T., Light-addressable\npotentiometric sensors and light-addressable electrodes as a combined\nsensor-and-manipulator microsystem with high flexibility. In  26th European Conference on Solid-State Transducers,\nEurosensor 2012, Walczak, R., Dziuban, J., Eds.; Elsevier Science Bv: Amsterdam, 2012; Vol. 47, pp 890\u2013893.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.09.290"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090315364440700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9870","DOI":"10.1021\/nn2035582","article-title":"Immobilization of Quantum Dots via Conjugated Self-Assembled\nMonolayers and Their Application as a Light-Controlled Sensor for\nthe Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"5","author":"Khalid","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026090315364440700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.03.022","article-title":"InGaN\/GaN nanowires\nas a new platform\nfor photoelectrochemical sensors - detection of NADH","volume":"94","author":"Riedel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. 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Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090315364440700_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1039\/C7MH00784A","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical\nresponse of carbon dots (CDs) derived from chitosan and their use\nin electrochemical imaging","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090315364440700_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8708","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b02244","article-title":"Light-Addressable\nPotentiometric Sensors using ZnO Nanorods as the Sensor Substrate\nfor Bioanalytical Applications","volume":"90","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090315364440700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.08.127","article-title":"Light-activated\nelectrochemistry without surface-bound redox species","volume":"251","author":"Kashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrochim. 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Toxicol."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026090315364440700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.1021\/la001263+","article-title":"Comparison of Triton\nX-100 penetration into phosphatidylcholine\nand sphingomyelin mono- and bilayers","volume":"17","author":"Nyholm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"39","key":"2026090315364440700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16783","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011614107","article-title":"Triton X-100 concentration\neffects on membrane permeability\nof a single HeLa cell by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)","volume":"107","author":"Koley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090315364440700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5786","DOI":"10.1021\/la0604228","article-title":"Membrane resistance\nto Triton X-100 explored by real-time\natomic force microscopy","volume":"22","author":"Morandat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090315364440700_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1021\/j100487a017","article-title":"Spin trapping\nand electron-spin resonance detection\nof radical intermediates in the photo-decomposition of water at TiO2 particulate systems","volume":"83","author":"Jaeger","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2026090315364440700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2017.10.044","article-title":"Double layer effects in voltammetric\nmeasurements with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)","volume":"819","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090315364440700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1021\/ac049938r","article-title":"Scanning\nelectrochemical microscopy: Theory and characterization\nof electrodes of finite conical geometry","volume":"76","author":"Zoski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090315364440700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sse.2008.04.024","article-title":"Joining microelectronics\nand microionics: Nerve cells and brain tissue on semiconductor chips","volume":"52","author":"Fromherz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Solid-State Electron."}],"container-title":["Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b00304","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/91\/9\/5896\/67367980\/acs.analchem.9b00304.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article-pdf\/91\/9\/5896\/67367980\/acs.analchem.9b00304.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T19:36:51Z","timestamp":1788464211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancham\/article\/91\/9\/5896\/824153\/Photoelectrochemical-Imaging-System-for-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b00304","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-2700","1520-6882"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-2700","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6882","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]}}}