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In this work, we demonstrate that thioamide-containing peptides with C-terminal thioesters can be efficiently generated using Knorr pyrazole activation and used in subsequent native chemical ligation reactions to generate thioamide-containing proteins. We compare this method to acyl azide activation and find that both routes provide similar yields. We also investigate ultrasound-mediated desulfurization of the ligation site cysteine for potential advantages over chemical radical initiators. Scaling up our syntheses allows us to study thioamide perturbations to the \u03b2-sheet region of the B1 domain of protein G (GB1) as well as \u03b2-strand interactions in amyloid fibrils of the Parkinson\u2019s disease protein \u03b1-synuclein. In both contexts, we observe dramatic destabilization of the \u03b2-sheet networks, manifested in decreased GB1 thermal stability and altered folding and slowed aggregation of \u03b1-synuclein. These findings illustrate the impact that a single atom substitution can have on cooperative hydrogen-bonding networks and prompt future study of both systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.6c00371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:01:18Z","timestamp":1787166078000},"page":"2736-2746","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improved Protein\nSemi-Synthesis Enables Biophysical\nStudies of Thioamide Destabilization of \u03b2-Sheet Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Evan S. K.","family":"Yanagawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , 231 S. 34th Street , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8527-5657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristen E.","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , 231 S. 34th Street , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denver Y.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , 231 S. 34th Street , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiden","family":"Lesneski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , 231 S. 34th Street , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , 231 S. 34th Street , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin W.","family":"Roose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , 231 S. 34th Street , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0194-5212","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David W.","family":"Christianson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , 231 S. 34th Street , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6877-9223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kohei","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shizuoka University , , 3-5-1 Johoku , , ,","place":["Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan, 432-8561"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-9210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"E. James","family":"Petersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , 231 S. 34th Street , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , 421 Curie Boulevard , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026090306411605300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00270a017","article-title":"Transition-state\nstabilization at the oxyanion binding\nsites of serine and thiol proteinases: hydrolyses of thiono and oxygen\nesters","volume":"22","author":"Asbo\u0301th","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090306411605300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.8b01022","article-title":"Biosynthesis and\nChemical Applications of Thioamides","volume":"14","author":"Mahanta","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem.\nBiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090306411605300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.2c00701","article-title":"Urea- and Thiourea-Based\nReceptors\nfor Anion Binding","volume":"56","author":"Kundu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. 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