{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:06:23Z","timestamp":1789477583735,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP11555249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP11555249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are widely used worldwide because they are inexpensive, versatile, and suitable for numerous applications. However, most products made of PET are designed for single use, and the resulting waste is chemically inert and highly resistant to microbial degradation. Consequently, PET accumulation has become a major source of environmental pollution and poses serious threats to ecosystems. Biorecycling and bioupcycling have emerged as some of the most promising strategies for reducing PET pollution. For macro-scale PET waste, industrial approaches are being developed, including those pursued by the French company Carbios, although significant technical and economic challenges remain. In contrast, for micro- and nanosized PET particles, commonly referred to as microplastics, no large-scale remediation systems have been implemented yet. Here we highlight the potential applications of microorganisms and their enzymes for remediation of microplastic pollution, especially because these systems can function at moderate temperatures, in contrast to high-temperature industrial processes. In particular, we highlight the potential of utilizing the Ideonella sakaiensis system that was discovered a decade ago. PET-degrading enzymes encoded by this bacterium, such as IsPETase and IsMHEtase, are able to operate at moderate temperatures, unlike most other enzymes being developed to provide bioremediation of PET pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.6c00457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:07:00Z","timestamp":1789474020000},"page":"2809-2819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioremediation\nof PET Pollution Using Microorganisms\nActive at Moderate Temperatures"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3243-6629","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kohei","family":"Oda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto Institute of Technology , , Matsugasaki , , ,","place":["Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan, 606-8585"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5510-9703","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Wlodawer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute , , , ,","place":["Bethesda, Maryland, United States, 20892"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091508065229300_cit1","article-title":"Global Plastics Outlook: Plastics use in 2019 (Edition\n2021)","volume-title":"OECD Environment Statistics","author":"OECD.","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026091508065229300_cit2","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Plastics-The Facts Reinforced Plastics 2013","author":"Plastics Europe.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091508065229300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production,\nuse, and fate of all\nplastics ever made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091508065229300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201949365","article-title":"Biodegradation\nof waste PET","volume":"20","author":"Hiraga","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091508065229300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4089","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b05171","article-title":"Biodegradation of PET: Current Status\nand Application Aspects","volume":"9","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091508065229300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.3c00554","article-title":"Development of Enzyme-Based\nApproaches for Recycling\nPET on an Industrial Scale","volume":"63","author":"Oda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091508065229300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P-113","DOI":"10.2115\/fiber.76.p-113","article-title":"Microbial Poly(Ethylene\nTerephthalate) Degradation","volume":"76","author":"Oda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sen\u2019i Gakkaishi"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091508065229300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06725-11","article-title":"Isolation of a Novel\nCutinase Homolog\nwith Polyethylene Terephthalate-Degrading Activity from Leaf-Branch\nCompost by Using a Metagenomic Approach","volume":"78","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl.\nEnviron. 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Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091508065229300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02773-17","article-title":"New Insights\ninto the Function and Global Distribution of Polyethylene Terephthalate\n(PET)-Degrading Bacteria and Enzymes in Marine and Terrestrial Metagenomes","volume":"84","author":"Danso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. 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Eng."},{"key":"2026091508065229300_cit23","unstructured":"Oda, K.; Kimura, Y.\n          PET\nDecomposition\nMethod, Patent 3054702, Japan 3054702 A2, 2020."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026091508065229300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.200500410","article-title":"Enzymatic\nDegradation of Poly(ethylene terephthalate): Rapid Hydrolyse using\na Hydrolase from T. fusca","volume":"26","author":"Mu\u0308ller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromol. 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Macromol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026091508065229300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9790","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.2c02275","article-title":"Multiple\nSubstrate Binding Mode-Guided Engineering of a Thermophilic\nPET Hydrolase","volume":"12","author":"Pfaff","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026091508065229300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.26155","article-title":"Assessment of the PETase\nconformational changes induced by poly(ethylene terephthalate) binding","volume":"89","author":"da Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proteins: Struct., Funct., Bioinf."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091508065229300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13492-9","article-title":"Conformational fitting of a flexible oligomeric substrate\ndoes not explain the enzymatic PET degradation","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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Biotechnol."},{"issue":"50","key":"2026091508065229300_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13217","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05038","article-title":"Tat-Independent\nSecretion of Polyethylene Terephthalate Hydrolase PETase in Bacillus\nsubtilis 168 Mediated by Its Native Signal Peptide","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091508065229300_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.11.087","article-title":"Production\nof extracellular PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis using sec-dependent\nsignal peptides in E. coli","volume":"508","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys.\nRes. 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