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Given the significance of this type II topoisomerase as a drug target, it is critical to understand how quinolones interact with gyrase and how specific mutations lead to resistance. However, these important issues have yet to be addressed for a canonical gyrase. Therefore, we utilized a mechanistic approach to characterize interactions of quinolones with wild-type B. anthracis gyrase and enzymes containing the most common quinolone resistance mutations. Results indicate that clinically relevant quinolones interact with the enzyme through a water\u2013metal ion bridge in which a noncatalytic divalent metal ion is chelated by the C3\/C4 keto acid of the drug. In contrast to other bacterial type II topoisomerases that have been examined, the bridge is anchored to gyrase primarily through a single residue (Ser85). Substitution of groups at the quinolone C7 and C8 positions generated drugs that were less dependent on the water\u2013metal ion bridge and overcame resistance. Thus, by analyzing the interactions of drugs with type II topoisomerases from individual bacteria, it may be possible to identify specific quinolone derivatives that can overcome target-mediated resistance in important pathogenic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.7b00203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,14]],"date-time":"2017-07-14T18:08:11Z","timestamp":1500055691000},"page":"4191-4200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Interactions between Quinolones and\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    Gyrase and the Basis of Drug Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Ashley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232-0146"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"R. Hunter","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232-0146"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia A.","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham , , , ,","place":["Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Charles L.","family":"Turnbough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham , , , ,","place":["Birmingham, Alabama, United States, 35294"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5371-403X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Kerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa College of Pharmacy , , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2550-4884","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neil","family":"Osheroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232-0146"]},{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232-0146"]},{"name":"VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37212"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090213332378000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4781(98)00127-4","article-title":"Clinical\napplications of quinolones","volume":"1400","author":"Hooper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim. 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