{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T05:16:01Z","timestamp":1793682961663,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023581","name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-2237827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2237827"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007249","name":"University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007249","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Liberate Bio"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Quinine-based polymers have shown promise for effective delivery of nucleic acids; however, quinine\u2019s hydrophobicity has often resulted in uncontrolled aggregation (&amp;gt;1000 nm) of complexes. PEGylation is often used to improve the colloidal stability of nucleic acid delivery vehicles; however, this frequently results in reduced cellular internalization. Herein, we describe the synthesis of two diblock quinine polymers that utilize the carbohydrates glucose and galactose in place of PEG as the neutral hydrophilic block to deliver mRNA. These diblock stabilizers were blended with five hydrophobic quinine polymers at several mixing ratios to generate a library of 73 formulations, 47 of which produced submicron particles. The biophysical properties, such as particle size and mRNA binding, can be tuned by varying the mixture components and ratio. Our results show that the next generation, sugar-containing stabilizers outperformed PEGylated analogs, promoting greater cellular internalization, improved transfection, and potential for cell specificity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5c00901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T23:03:07Z","timestamp":1756422187000},"page":"6635-6652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Blending Carbohydrate\nand Quinine-Based Polymers Imparts\nColloidal Stability, Improved Performance, and Cell Specificity for\nmRNA Delivery"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nicholas\nW.","family":"Kreofsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , , , ,","place":["Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8937-7856","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Punarbasu","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , , , ,","place":["Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruma","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , , , ,","place":["Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3856-6240","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sidharth","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , , , ,","place":["Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Sarisozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liberate Bio , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02135"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-3450","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Theresa M.","family":"Reineke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , , , ,","place":["Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2147\/BTT.S302095","article-title":"The Current\nStatus of Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Belete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081812173020000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-024-00829-7","article-title":"Gene Therapy for CNS Disorders: Modalities, Delivery and Translational\nChallenges","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19505-2","article-title":"The Once and Future\nGene Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Bulaklak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081812173020000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-024-01042-y","article-title":"mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases\ue5f8Advances,\nChallenges and Opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Pardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug\nDiscovery"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812173020000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01080-z","article-title":"Current Landscape\nof mRNA Technologies and Delivery Systems for New\nModality Therapeutics","volume":"31","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081812173020000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01294-2","article-title":"The Clinical\nProgress of mRNA Vaccines and Immunotherapies","volume":"40","author":"Barbier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081812173020000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2015.1057563","article-title":"Modified mRNA as an Alternative to\nPlasmid DNA (pDNA)\nfor Transcript Replacement and Vaccination Therapy","volume":"15","author":"Youn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081812173020000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0737-y","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Development and\na Potential Nanomaterial Path Forward","volume":"15","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat.\nNanotechnol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081812173020000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101416","article-title":"Current\nState of\nHuman Gene Therapy: Approved Products and Vectors","volume":"16","author":"Shchaslyvyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081812173020000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b07858","article-title":"Lipid-Based\nDNA Therapeutics: Hallmarks of Non-Viral Gene Delivery","volume":"13","author":"Buck","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081812173020000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.349","article-title":"Viral Vectors: From Virology to Transgene\nExpression","volume":"157","author":"Bouard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081812173020000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1066","article-title":"Progress and Problems with the Use\nof Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev.\nGenet."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081812173020000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2020.12.006","article-title":"Addressing the Cold Reality of mRNA Vaccine Stability","volume":"110","author":"Crommelin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081812173020000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1021\/cr800409e","article-title":"Nonviral Vectors\nfor Gene Delivery","volume":"109","author":"Mintzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026081812173020000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11527","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00997","article-title":"Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic\nNucleic Acids","volume":"121","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.06.014","article-title":"Polymeric Vehicles\nfor Nucleic Acid Delivery","volume":"156","author":"Piotrowski-Daspit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery\nRev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081812173020000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.1c00467","article-title":"Combinatorial Polycation\nSynthesis and Causal Machine Learning Reveal Divergent Polymer Design\nRules for Effective pDNA and Ribonucleoprotein Delivery","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081812173020000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.4c00028","article-title":"Synergistic Polymer Blending Informs Efficient Terpolymer\nDesign and Machine Learning Discerns Performance Trends for pDNA Delivery","volume":"35","author":"Leyden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081812173020000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.5c00084","article-title":"Machine Learning\nReveals Amine Type in Polymer Micelles Determines mRNA Binding, In\nVitro, and In Vivo Performance for Lung-Selective Delivery","volume":"5","author":"Panda","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0260","article-title":"Balancing Protection\nand Release of DNA: Tools to Address\na Bottleneck of Non-Viral Gene Delivery","volume":"7","author":"Grigsby","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\nR. Soc. Interface"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081812173020000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4082","DOI":"10.1021\/mp400467x","article-title":"Overcoming\nNonviral Gene Delivery Barriers: Perspective and Future","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812173020000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2023.2170164","article-title":"Block Catiomers\nwith Flanking Hydrolyzable Tyrosinate Groups Enhance in Vivo mRNA\nDelivery via \u03c0-\u03c0 Stacking-Assisted Micellar Assembly","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081812173020000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12040338","article-title":"\u03c0-\u03c0-Stacked Poly\u00ad(\u03b5-Caprolactone)-b-Poly\u00ad(Ethylene\nGlycol) Micelles Loaded with a Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081812173020000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2012.47","article-title":"High-Affinity PEGylated\nPolyacridine\nPeptide Polyplexes Mediate Potent in Vivo Gene Expression","volume":"20","author":"Kizzire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812173020000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1021\/bc9003124","article-title":"Synthesis and in\nVitro Testing of New Potent Polyacridine-Melittin Gene Delivery Peptides","volume":"21","author":"Baumhover","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081812173020000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6693","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.4c00925","article-title":"Quinine-Based\nPolymers Are Versatile\nand Effective Vehicles for Intracellular pDNA, mRNA, and Cas9 Protein\nDelivery","volume":"25","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081812173020000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.4c00326","article-title":"PH-Responsive\nMicelles Containing Quinine Functionalities\nEnhance Intracellular Gene Delivery and Expression","volume":"35","author":"Kreofsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"issue":"52","key":"2026081812173020000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32919","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016860117","article-title":"Quinine Copolymer\nReporters Promote Efficient Intracellular DNA Delivery and Illuminate\na Protein-Induced Unpackaging Mechanism","volume":"117","author":"Van\nBruggen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc.\nNatl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812173020000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c01099","article-title":"Cinchona Alkaloid Polymers Demonstrate Highly Efficient\nGene Delivery Dependent on Stereochemistry, Methoxy Substitution,\nand Length","volume":"25","author":"Kreofsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081812173020000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.3c00126","article-title":"Enhancing pDNA Delivery with Hydroquinine\nPolymers\nby Modulating Structure and Composition","volume":"3","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACS\nAu"},{"issue":"43","key":"2026081812173020000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9840","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.8b05795","article-title":"New Insights\ninto Quinine-DNA Binding Using Raman Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics\nSimulations","volume":"122","author":"Punihaole","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"43","key":"2026081812173020000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6904","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB00967H","article-title":"The Great Escape: How Cationic Polyplexes\nOvercome the Endosomal Barrier","volume":"6","author":"Bus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem.\nB"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812173020000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201700194","article-title":"Synthesis and Evaluation of Chloroquine-Containing\nDMAEMA Copolymers as Efficient Anti-MiRNA Delivery Vectors with Improved\nEndosomal Escape and Antimigratory Activity in Cancer Cells","volume":"18","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812173020000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44134","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44134","article-title":"Size Matters for in\nVitro Gene Delivery: Investigating the Relationships among Complexation\nProtocol, Transfection Medium, Size and Sedimentation","volume":"7","author":"Pezzoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081812173020000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2006.07.006","article-title":"The Internalization\nRoute Resulting in Successful Gene Expression Depends on Both Cell\nLine and Polyethylenimine Polyplex Type","volume":"14","author":"von\nGersdorff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol.\nTher."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812173020000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2014.913054","article-title":"Effect of\nSize on Biological Properties of Nanoparticles Employed in Gene Delivery","volume":"44","author":"Prabha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812173020000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.08.005","article-title":"Prolonged\nCirculation of Large Polymeric Nanoparticles\nby Non-Covalent Adsorption on Erythrocytes","volume":"100","author":"Chambers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081812173020000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1021\/mp800051m","article-title":"Factors\nAffecting the Clearance and Biodistribution of Polymeric Nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Alexis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.06.023","article-title":"Unintended Effects of Drug Carriers:\nBig Issues of Small Particles","volume":"130","author":"Parhiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Delivery\nRev."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081812173020000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.89","article-title":"Nano-Microparticles as Immune Adjuvants:\nCorrelating Particle Sizes and the Resultant Immune Responses","volume":"9","author":"Oyewumi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081812173020000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.3390\/ph5121372","article-title":"The Liver as a Target\nOrgan for Gene Therapy: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Jacobs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081812173020000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031007","article-title":"Recent Developments\nin the Design of Non-Biofouling\nCoatings for Nanoparticles and Surfaces","volume":"21","author":"Sanchez-Cano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081812173020000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10748","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR02065J","article-title":"Effects of Polyethylene Glycol on the Surface of Nanoparticles for\nTargeted Drug Delivery","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120780","article-title":"PEGylation\nof Poly\u00ad(Amine-Co-Ester) Polyplexes for Tunable Gene Delivery","volume":"272","author":"Grun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"709","key":"2026081812173020000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq0603","article-title":"Polymer Nanoparticles\nDeliver mRNA to the Lung for\nMucosal Vaccination","volume":"15","author":"Suberi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081812173020000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.5c00040","article-title":"Binary Copolymer\nBlending Enhances pDNA Delivery Performance and Colloidal Shelf Stability\nof Quinine-Based Polyplexes","volume":"36","author":"Roy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812173020000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b18843","article-title":"Ligand Density and Linker Length\nAre Critical Factors for Multivalent Nanoparticle-Receptor Interactions","volume":"11","author":"Abstiens","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081812173020000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.3c00174","article-title":"PEGylated\nLipid Nanoparticle Formulations:\nImmunological Safety and Efficiency Perspective","volume":"34","author":"Tenchov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081812173020000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1039\/c0py00406e","article-title":"Overcoming the PEG-Addiction:\nWell-Defined Alternatives to PEG, from Structure\u2013Property Relationships\nto Better Defined Therapeutics","volume":"2","author":"Barz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081812173020000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v11.i3.110","article-title":"Glycoconjugation:\nAn Approach to Cancer Therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Molejon","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J.\nClin. Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081812173020000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1021\/mz300660t","article-title":"Poly\u00ad(2-Deoxy-2-Methacrylamido\nGlucopyranose)-b-Poly\u00ad(Methacrylate Amine)\u00ads: Optimization of Diblock\nGlycopolycations for Nucleic Acid Delivery","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081812173020000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1021\/bm5001229","article-title":"Glucose-Containing\nDiblock Polycations Exhibit Molecular Weight, Charge, and Cell-Type\nDependence for Pdna Delivery","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081812173020000_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00665","article-title":"Nonviral Gene Delivery with Cationic Glycopolymers","volume":"52","author":"Van\nBruggen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081812173020000_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020188","article-title":"Human Lectins,\nTheir Carbohydrate\nAffinities and Where to Find Them","volume":"11","author":"Raposo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081812173020000_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.1c00689","article-title":"A Useful Guide to Lectin Binding:\nMachine-Learning Directed Annotation of 57 Unique Lectin Specificities","volume":"17","author":"Bojar","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081812173020000_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1039\/c0py00141d","article-title":"Synthesis\nof Glycopolymers and Their\nMultivalent Recognitions with Lectins","volume":"1","author":"Ting","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym.\nChem."},{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.03.004","article-title":"A Mannosylated Polymer with Endosomal\nRelease Properties for Peptide Antigen Delivery","volume":"356","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081812173020000_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101651","article-title":"Well-Defined Mannosylated Polymer\nfor Peptide Vaccine Delivery with Enhanced Antitumor Immunity","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081812173020000_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-015-0186-2","article-title":"Glucose\nTransporters: Physiological and Pathological\nRoles","volume":"8","author":"Navale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081812173020000_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02480-y","article-title":"Glucose-Conjugated\nGlutenin Nanoparticles for Selective Targeting and Delivery of Camptothecin\ninto Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"396","author":"Rajeshkumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s\nArch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-01973-4","article-title":"Galactose-Modified PH-Sensitive Niosomes for Controlled Release and\nHepatocellular Carcinoma Target Delivery of Tanshinone IIA","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081812173020000_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.11647","article-title":"Galactose\nas Broad Ligand for Multiple Tumor Imaging and Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081812173020000_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-011-9305-6","article-title":"Synthesis and in Vitro Inhibition\nProperties of SiRNA Conjugates Carrying Glucose and Galactose with\nDifferent Presentations","volume":"15","author":"Avin\u0303o\u0301","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Diversity"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081812173020000_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.08.006","article-title":"Galactose-Poly\u00ad(Ethylene Glycol)-Polyethylenimine for\nImproved Lung Gene Transfer","volume":"375","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys.\nRes. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081812173020000_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5253","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.2c01083","article-title":"Dual-Responsive\nCurcumin-Loaded\nNanoparticles for the Treatment of Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney\nInjury","volume":"23","author":"Lan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081812173020000_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030377","article-title":"LipoParticles: Lipid-Coated PLA Nanoparticles\nEnhanced\nIn Vitro mRNA Transfection Compared to Liposomes","volume":"13","author":"Ayad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.10.023","article-title":"Rational Preparation and Application of a mRNA Delivery System with\nCytidinyl\/Cationic Lipid","volume":"340","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026081812173020000_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5859","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805358115","article-title":"Enhanced\nmRNA Delivery into Lymphocytes Enabled by Lipid-Varied Libraries of\nCharge-Altering Releasable Transporters","volume":"115","author":"McKinlay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc.\nNatl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081812173020000_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.0c02415","article-title":"RAFT Emulsion Polymerization for (Multi)\u00adBlock Copolymer\nSynthesis: Overcoming the Constraints of Monomer Order","volume":"54","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081812173020000_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CS60290G","article-title":"A Guide\nto the Synthesis of Block Copolymers Using Reversible-Addition Fragmentation\nChain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization","volume":"43","author":"Keddie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem.\nSoc. Rev."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026081812173020000_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3009263","article-title":"Release of Cationic Polymer-DNA Complexes from the Endosome: A Theoretical\nInvestigation of the Proton Sponge Hypothesis","volume":"129","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.1997.34","article-title":"The Proton\nSponge: A Trick to Enter Cells the Viruses Did Not Exploit","volume":"51","author":"Behr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chimia"},{"issue":"43","key":"2026081812173020000_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15216","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201603294","article-title":"Tumour-Targeted Drug Delivery with\nMannose-Functionalized Nanoparticles Self-Assembled from Amphiphilic\n\u03b2-Cyclodextrins","volume":"22","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. - Eur. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081812173020000_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c00722","article-title":"Mannoside-Functionalized\nSilica Nanocomposite-Encapsulated\nDoxorubicin for MDA-MB-231 Cancer Cell Targeting and Delivery","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081812173020000_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90172-4","article-title":"Metabolic\nEffects of Galactose on Human HepG2 Hepatoblastoma Cells","volume":"43","author":"Davit-Spraul","year":"1994","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2026081812173020000_cit76","first-page":"2026","article-title":"Alterations\nof D-Galactose\nMetabolism in Morris Hepatomas","volume":"40","author":"Bauer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Biomacromolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.biomac.5c00901","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/bomaf6\/article-pdf\/26\/10\/6635\/41119013\/bm5c00901.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/bomaf6\/article-pdf\/26\/10\/6635\/41119013\/bm5c00901.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T17:58:43Z","timestamp":1787075923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/bomaf6\/article\/26\/10\/6635\/3682078\/Blending-Carbohydrate-and-Quinine-Based-Polymers"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.biomac.5c00901","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-7797","1526-4602"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-7797","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4602","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]}}}