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This review presents a systematic overview of recent advances in flame-retardant cellulose-based materials, focusing on combustion fundamentals, fire-performance evaluation, and flame-retardant design strategies. The thermal decomposition behavior of cellulose is first discussed, emphasizing the competition between volatile generation and condensed-phase char formation that governs flammability. Common fire-performance evaluation methods, including thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index, vertical burning tests, and cone calorimetry, are then examined in the context of flame-retardant mechanisms. Subsequently, major preparation approaches\u2500physical blending, surface coating, chemical modification, and grafting copolymerization\u2500are comparatively reviewed. Representative phosphorus-, nitrogen-, boron-, silicon-, and metal-based systems are highlighted to illustrate condensed-phase, gas-phase, and synergistic flame-retardant effects. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities are discussed, focusing on durability, multifunctionality, mechanistic understanding, and scalable manufacturing. By integrating fundamental combustion principles with material design strategies, this review provides a framework for the rational development of sustainable, halogen-free, flame-retardant cellulose materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.6c00936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:10:31Z","timestamp":1785139831000},"page":"5001-5016","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cellulose-Based\nFlame-Retardant Materials: Mechanisms,\nEvaluation, and Design Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2046-2352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiansong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53726"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8046-0319","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haishun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University , , , ,","place":["East Lansing, Michigan, United States, 48824"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6859-9342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuejun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,","place":["Madison, Wisconsin, United States, 53726"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"2026081008085942500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11666","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5c00267","article-title":"Lignocellulosic Films: Preparation, Properties, and Applications","volume":"125","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. 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