{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:34:15Z","timestamp":1786365255502,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006604","name":"Bundesministerium f?r Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03IS2021A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03IS2021A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006604","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["525499342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["525499342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lignins are heterogeneous aromatic biopolymers whose structural complexity depends strongly on botanical origin and isolation process. Comprehensive characterization therefore typically relies on multiple complementary techniques, including gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), pyrolysis-gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry (Py-GC\/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, resulting in labor-intensive workflows and complex data integration. Here, ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) is systematically benchmarked against these established methods using solvent-fractionated spruce kraft lignin as a model system. Complementary electrospray ionization (ESI) and graphite-assisted laser desorption\/ionization (GALDI), combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS\/MS) and heterospectroscopic correlation analysis, reproduce fraction-dependent trends in oxygenation, aromatic condensation, and functional group distribution consistent with FT-IR, Py-GC\/MS, and quantitative NMR data. While limitations remain for molar mass distributions and linkage quantification, FT-ICR-MS can serve as an advanced, high-throughput complementary screening platform that enables streamlined, comparative molecular-level lignin profiling with reduced analytical complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.6c01199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:11:42Z","timestamp":1785849102000},"page":"5766-5783","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Benchmarking\nFourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance\nMass Spectrometry against Conventional Methods for the Characterization\nof Solvent-Fractionated Kraft Lignin"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Wiebke","family":"Hadwich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Bergakademie Freiberg , , Lessingstrasse 45 , ,","place":["Freiberg, Germany, 09599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klara","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Bergakademie Freiberg , , Lessingstrasse 45 , ,","place":["Freiberg, Germany, 09599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-5524","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erica","family":"Brendler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Bergakademie Freiberg , , Lessingstrasse 45 , ,","place":["Freiberg, Germany, 09599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Bremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Dresden , , Pienner Strasse 19 , ,","place":["Tharandt, Germany, 01737"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Dresden , , Pienner Strasse 19 , ,","place":["Tharandt, Germany, 01737"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Bergakademie Freiberg , , Lessingstrasse 45 , ,","place":["Freiberg, Germany, 09599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4269-6275","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"Zuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Bergakademie Freiberg , , Lessingstrasse 45 , ,","place":["Freiberg, Germany, 09599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026081008084055800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1002\/app.38795","article-title":"A new softening agent\nfor melt spinning of softwood kraft lignin","volume":"129","author":"Nordstro\u0308m","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081008084055800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26010178","article-title":"Characterization\nof Lignin Compounds\nat the Molecular Level: Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Raw Data Processing","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081008084055800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8889","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248889","article-title":"Next Challenges for the Comprehensive\nMolecular Characterization of Complex Organic Mixtures in the Field\nof Sustainable Energy","volume":"27","author":"Abou-Dib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866531","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.866531","article-title":"Editorial: Isolation,\nModification, and Characterization of the Constituents (Cellulose,\nHemicellulose, Lignin, et al.) in Biomass and Their Bio-Based Applications","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081008084055800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1002\/cite.202000097","article-title":"Lignin from Annual\nPlants as Raw\nMaterial Source for Flavors and Basic Chemicals","volume":"92","author":"Jahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Ing. Technol."},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.01.024","article-title":"Partitioning\nof N in growing plants, microbial biomass and soil organic matter\nafter amendment of N-ammonoxidized lignins","volume":"60","author":"La Rosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081008084055800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1515\/hf.2011.044","article-title":"Preparation\nand physical characterization\nof strongly swellable oligo(oxyethylene) lignin hydrogels","volume":"65","author":"Passauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081008084055800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02608924","article-title":"Lignin-Phenol-Bindemittel\nfu\u0308r die Holzwerkstoffherstellung","volume":"49","author":"Pecina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Holz\nRoh-Werkst"},{"issue":"46","key":"2026081008084055800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48257","DOI":"10.1002\/app.48257","article-title":"Fiber formation and\nproperties of polyester\/lignin blends","volume":"136","author":"Pospiech","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl.\nPolym. Sci."},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00029","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2014.00029","article-title":"Preparation of Different\nCarbon Materials by Thermochemical\nConversion of Lignin","volume":"1","author":"Rosas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081008084055800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1039\/C3GC41935E","article-title":"Green and\nsustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: state of the art","volume":"16","author":"Sheldon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40663-9","volume-title":"Lignin: Biosynthesis and Transformation\nfor Industrial Applications","author":"Sharma","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.091","article-title":"Recent\ninnovations in analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative\nassessment of lignin","volume":"49","author":"Lupoi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renewable Sustainable\nEnergy Rev."},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202402334","article-title":"Synthetic\nLignin Oligomers: Analytical Techniques, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Rojas","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemSuschem"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026081008084055800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12573","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5c04198","article-title":"Lignin Extraction and Condensation as a Function of\nTemperature, Residence Time, and Solvent System in Flow-through Reactors","volume":"13","author":"Brandner","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081008084055800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1039\/D2IM00059H","article-title":"Perspective\non oligomeric products\nfrom lignin depolymerization: their generation, identification, and\nfurther valorization","volume":"1","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Chem. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081008084055800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1021\/jf035282b","article-title":"A comprehensive approach for quantitative\nlignin characterization by NMR spectroscopy","volume":"52","author":"Capanema","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026081008084055800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9639","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0515330","article-title":"Quantitative characterization of\na hardwood milled wood lignin by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"53","author":"Capanema","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081008084055800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3928","DOI":"10.1021\/bm200948r","article-title":"Milled wood lignin:\na linear oligomer","volume":"12","author":"Crestini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081008084055800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2014-0281","article-title":"Characterization\nof technical lignins by NMR spectroscopy: optimization of functional\ngroup analysis by 31P NMR spectroscopy","volume":"69","author":"Korntner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081008084055800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.34b-0021","article-title":"NMR Studies of Lignins.\n4. Investigation of Spruce Lignin by 1H NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"34b","author":"Lundquist","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Scand"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081008084055800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010333v","article-title":"Quantitative\n(13)C NMR analysis of\nlignins with internal standards","volume":"49","author":"Xia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food\nChem."},{"issue":"46","key":"2026081008084055800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10848","DOI":"10.1021\/jf4030486","article-title":"Quantification of wheat\nstraw lignin structure by comprehensive NMR analysis","volume":"61","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081008084055800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5922","DOI":"10.1021\/jf301002n","article-title":"Structural characterization of wheat\nstraw lignin as revealed by analytical pyrolysis, 2D-NMR, and reductive\ncleavage methods","volume":"60","author":"Del Ri\u0301o","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081008084055800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c06222","article-title":"Chemometric Combination of Ultrahigh\nResolving Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy\nfor a Structural Characterization of Lignin Compounds","volume":"9","author":"Du\u0308tsch","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081008084055800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c00186","article-title":"Lignin Structure\nand Reactivity in the Organosolv Process Studied by NMR Spectroscopy,\nMass Spectrometry, and Density Functional Theory","volume":"24","author":"Karlsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"34","key":"2026081008084055800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9529","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201003045","article-title":"Elucidation of lignin structure by\nquantitative 2D NMR","volume":"17","author":"Sette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. - Eur. J."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081008084055800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10604","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2031549","article-title":"Characterization\nof lignin structures and lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) linkages\nby quantitative 13C and 2D HSQC NMR spectroscopy","volume":"59","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochms.2024.100219","article-title":"The role of\nNMR spectroscopy in lignocellulosic biomass\ncharacterisation: A mini review","volume":"9","author":"Vukovic\u0301","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem.:\nMol. Sci."},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5936\/csbj.201303016","article-title":"Quantitative\nHSQC Analyses of Lignin:\nA Practical Comparison","volume":"6","author":"Sette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol.\nJ."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026081008084055800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8135","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SC02088H","article-title":"Establishing lignin structure-upgradeability relationships\nusing quantitative 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear\nmagnetic resonance (HSQC-NMR) spectroscopy","volume":"10","author":"Talebi Amiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081008084055800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12020158","article-title":"Lignin\nDepolymerization in the Presence of Base, Hydrogenation Catalysts,\nand Ethanol","volume":"12","author":"Romanenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081008084055800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2011.03.023","article-title":"Characterization\nof humic substances\nby advanced solid state NMR spectroscopy: Demonstration of a systematic\napproach","volume":"42","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Geochem"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2026081008084055800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2016-0182","article-title":"Consecutive\ndetermination of softwood\nkraft lignin structure and molar mass from NMR measurements","volume":"71","author":"Ro\u0308nnols","year":"2017","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081008084055800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-016-1606-z","article-title":"Lignin pyrolysis\nreactions","volume":"63","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wood Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081008084055800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1021\/ef100363c","article-title":"Effect of the Temperature on the\nComposition of Lignin Pyrolysis Products","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy\nFuels"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081008084055800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(00)00110-8","article-title":"Characterization of the water-insoluble fraction from pyrolysis oil\n(pyrolytic lignin). Part I. PY\u2013GC\/MS, FTIR, and functional\ngroups","volume":"60","author":"Scholze","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c03238","article-title":"Investigation\ninto the Pyrolysis\nBond Dissociation Enthalpies (BDEs) of a Model Lignin Oligomer Using\nDensity Functional Theory (DFT)","volume":"36","author":"Houston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081008084055800_cit39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determination\nof Monomeric Building\nBlocks by Py-GC\/MS of Lignins from Agricultural Residues","volume":"3","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Austin Biomol Open Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081008084055800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-021-00283-5","article-title":"Molar mass\ndetermination\nof lignins and characterization of their polymeric structures by multi-detector\ngel permeation chromatography","volume":"12","author":"Gaugler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anal Sci Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081008084055800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.1500","article-title":"Characterization\nand analysis of the molecular weight of lignin for biorefining studies","volume":"8","author":"Tolbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefin."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081008084055800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23884-5","article-title":"An integral method\nfor determining the molecular composition of lignin\nand its application","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10612","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c01187","article-title":"A Complementary\nMultitechnique Approach to Assess the Bias in Molecular Weight Determination\nof Lignin by Derivatization-Free Gel Permeation Chromatography","volume":"96","author":"Papp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081008084055800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234166","article-title":"Molecular Weight Distribution and\nDissolution Behavior of Lignin in Alkaline Solutions","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081008084055800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.202401827","article-title":"Guidelines for Identifying\nthe Structure of Heavy Phenolics in Lignin Depolymerization by using\nHigh-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"18","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemSuschem"},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.03.022","article-title":"Combination of electrospray ionization,\natmospheric pressure photoionization and laser desorption ionization\nFourier transform ion cyclotronic resonance mass spectrometry for\nthe investigation of complex mixtures - Application to the petroleomic\nanalysis of bio-oils","volume":"969","author":"Hertzog","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026081008084055800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17979","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c02098","article-title":"Characterization\nof Heavy Products\nfrom Lignocellulosic Biomass Pyrolysis by Chromatography and Fourier\nTransform Mass Spectrometry: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Hertzog","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy\nFuels"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081008084055800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21634","article-title":"Analysis\nof natural organic matter via fourier transform\nion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: an overview of recent non-petroleum\napplications","volume":"41","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081008084055800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2787(1998)17:1&lt;1::AID-MAS1&gt;3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance\nmass spectrometry: A primer","volume":"17","author":"Marshall","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom.\nRev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081008084055800_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21422","article-title":"Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance\n(FT ICR) mass spectrometry: Theory and simulations","volume":"35","author":"Nikolaev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081008084055800_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-018-1916-z","article-title":"Electrospray\nIonization\nwith High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for Lignomics: Lignin\nMass Spectrum Deconvolution","volume":"29","author":"Andrianova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass\nSpectrom."},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21832","article-title":"Characterization of the degradation products of lignocellulosic\nbiomass by using tandem mass spectrometry experiments, model compounds,\nand quantum chemical calculations","volume":"43","author":"Guthrie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom.\nRev."},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21869","article-title":"Investigations\ninto the characterization,\ndegradation, and applications of biodegradable polymers by mass spectrometry","volume":"44","author":"Rizzarelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mass Spec. Rev."},{"key":"2026081008084055800_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04942-x","article-title":"Characterizing lignins\nfrom various sources and treatment\nprocesses after optimized sample preparation techniques and analysis\nvia ESI-HRMS and custom mass defect software tools","volume":"415","author":"Letourneau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081008084055800_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21716","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based methods for the advanced characterization\nand structural analysis of lignin: A review","volume":"42","author":"Letourneau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081008084055800_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.2c03538","article-title":"Characterization of Soluble and Insoluble Lignin Oligomers by Means\nof Ultrahigh Resolving Mass Spectrometry","volume":"37","author":"Sander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy\nFuels"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081008084055800_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.156489","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based\nsequencing of lignin oligomers","volume":"153","author":"Morreel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081008084055800_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8095","DOI":"10.1021\/ac100968g","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based\nfragmentation as an identification tool in lignomics","volume":"82","author":"Morreel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. 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