{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:24:37Z","timestamp":1794003877602,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]],"date-time":"2018-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccbyncnd_termsofuse.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diabetes is a metabolic condition that is exponentially increasing worldwide. Current monitoring methods for diabetes are invasive, painful, and expensive. Herein, we present the first multipatient clinical trial that demonstrates clearly that tear fluid may be a valuable marker for systemic glucose measurements. The NovioSense Glucose Sensor, worn under the lower eye lid (inferior conjunctival fornix), is reported to continuously measure glucose levels in the basal tear fluid with good correlation to blood glucose values, showing clear clinical feasibility in both animals and humans. Furthermore, the polysaccharide coated device previously reported by our laboratory when worn, does not induce pain or irritation. In a phase II clinical trial, six patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus were enrolled and the capability of the device to measure glucose in the tear fluid was evaluated. The NovioSense Glucose Sensor gives a stable signal and the results correlate well to blood glucose values obtained from finger-prick measurements determined by consensus error grid analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b01429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T06:40:08Z","timestamp":1539326408000},"page":"4504-4511","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["Clinical Evidence for Use of a Noninvasive Biosensor\nfor Tear Glucose as an Alternative to Painful Finger-Prick for Diabetes\nManagement Utilizing a Biopolymer Coating"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Alicja E.","family":"Kownacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NovioSense B.V. , NovioTech Campus, Transistorweg 5 , ,","place":["Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 6534 AT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dovile","family":"Vegelyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NovioSense B.V. , NovioTech Campus, Transistorweg 5 , ,","place":["Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 6534 AT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurits","family":"Joosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haaglanden Medisch Centrum (HMC) , Lijnbaan 32 , ,","place":["Den Haag, The Netherlands, 2512 VA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoleta","family":"Anton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie , Grigore T. Popa Str. Universitatii nr.16 , ,","place":["Iasi, Romania, 700115"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Jelle","family":"Toebes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NovioSense B.V. , NovioTech Campus, Transistorweg 5 , ,","place":["Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 6534 AT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Lauko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NovioSense B.V. , NovioTech Campus, Transistorweg 5 , ,","place":["Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 6534 AT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Buzzacchera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NovioSense B.V. , NovioTech Campus, Transistorweg 5 , ,","place":["Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 6534 AT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Lipinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NovioSense B.V. , NovioTech Campus, Transistorweg 5 , ,","place":["Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 6534 AT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8796-2274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniela A.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radboud University , Heyendaalsweg 135 , , ,","place":["Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 6525 AJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nel","family":"Geelhoed-Duijvestijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haaglanden Medisch Centrum (HMC) , Lijnbaan 32 , ,","place":["Den Haag, The Netherlands, 2512 VA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0760-3421","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NovioSense B.V. , NovioTech Campus, Transistorweg 5 , ,","place":["Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 6534 AT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026090302011369000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S062","article-title":"Diagnosis and Classification\nof Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"32","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026090302011369000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2018.05.002","article-title":"Imaging Findings of Diabetes on Post-Mortem\nCT","volume":"13","author":"Ruder","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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Pract."},{"key":"2026090302011369000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.04.016","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas Estimates of 2014 Global Health\nExpenditures on Diabetes","volume":"117","author":"da Rocha Fernandes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin.\nPract."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090302011369000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2017.09.005","article-title":"A History of Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) in\nSelf-Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Olczuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes\nMetab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090302011369000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081866","article-title":"Glucose Sensing for\nDiabetes Monitoring: Recent Developments","volume":"17","author":"Bruen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090302011369000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2013.873722","article-title":"Frequency of Blood\nGlucose Testing among Insulin-Treated Diabetes Mellitus Patients in\nthe United Kingdom","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. 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J.; Tweehuysen, R.\n          Electrochemical\nBiosensor Based on Hollow Coils, Method for Making and Use of the\nSensor and a Medical Device Comprising the Sensor. EP2699690B1, 2014."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090302011369000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0378","article-title":"The Performance\nand Usability of a Factory-Calibrated Flash Glucose Monitoring System","volume":"17","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090302011369000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2008.0133","article-title":"The Chemistry\nof Commercial Continuous Glucose Monitors","volume":"11","author":"McGarraugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes\nTechnol. 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