{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:50:16Z","timestamp":1786740616717,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA086862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA086862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008893","name":"University of Iowa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5030-32000-107-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5030-32000-107-00D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Leptospirosis is a debilitating infectious disease that detrimentally affects both animals and humans; therefore, disease prevention has become a high priority to avoid high incidence rates of disease in the herd and break the transmission cycle to humans. Thus, there remains an important unmet need for a prophylactic vaccine that can provide long-term immunity against leptospirosis in cattle. Herein, a novel vaccine formulation was developed where poly\u00ad(diaminosulfide) polymer was employed to fabricate microparticles encapsulating the antigen of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo strain HB15B203 (L203-PNSN). A prime-boost vaccination with a L203-PNSN microparticle formulation increased the population of L203-specific CD3+ T cells and CD21+ B cells to levels that were significantly higher than those of cattle vaccinated with L203-AlOH or the vehicle control (empty PNSN microparticles and blank AlOH). In addition, L203-PNSN was demonstrated to stimulate durable humoral immune responses as evidenced by the increases in the antibody serum titers following the vaccination. It was also found that cattle vaccinated with L203-PNSN produced higher macroscopic agglutinating titers than cattle in other groups. Thus, it can be concluded that L203-PNSN is a novel first-in-class microparticle-based Leptospira vaccine that represents a powerful platform with the potential to serve as a prophylactic vaccine against leptospiral infection in cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b01257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T14:21:50Z","timestamp":1577974910000},"page":"534-544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Poly(diaminosulfide)\nMicroparticle-Based Vaccine for\nDelivery of Leptospiral Antigens"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Emad I.","family":"Wafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Wilson-Welder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture , , , ,","place":["Ames, Iowa, United\nStates, 50010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Hornsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture , , , ,","place":["Ames, Iowa, United\nStates, 50010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarlath E.","family":"Nally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture , , , ,","place":["Ames, Iowa, United\nStates, 50010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Geary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1628-8515","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ned B.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1923-6633","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aliasger K.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa , , , ,","place":["Iowa City, Iowa, United States, 52242"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026081416130791000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2013.5","article-title":"Pathogen-host-environment interplay\nand disease emergence","volume":"2","author":"Engering","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"7142","key":"2026081416130791000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05775","article-title":"Origins of\nmajor human infectious\ndiseases","volume":"447","author":"Wolfe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081416130791000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.102","article-title":"Leptospira as an emerging\npathogen: a review of its\nbiology, pathogenesis and host immune responses","volume":"5","author":"Evangelista","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081416130791000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3020280","article-title":"Leptospiral pathogenomics","volume":"3","author":"Lehmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081416130791000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-57-4-226","article-title":"Prevalence\nof antibodies\nto Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in bulk tank milk from unvaccinated\nirish dairy herds","volume":"57","author":"Leonard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ir Vet J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081416130791000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci4040064","article-title":"Reproductive\nDisorders and Leptospirosis:\nA Case Study in a Mixed-Species Farm (Cattle and Swine)","volume":"4","author":"Mori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Sci."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026081416130791000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9679","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051987x","article-title":"Production and characterization\nof monoclonal antibodies against the antibiotic tilmicosin","volume":"53","author":"Beier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081416130791000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/6593.3950","article-title":"Leptospirosis diagnosis:\ncompetancy of various laboratory\ntests","volume":"8","author":"Budihal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_5","article-title":"Leptospirosis in\nhumans","volume":"387","author":"Haake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr.\nTop. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081416130791000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis:\na zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet\nInfect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081416130791000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1021\/jf001484l","article-title":"Detection of streptomycin\nresidues in whole milk using an optical immunobiosensor","volume":"49","author":"Baxter","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081416130791000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global Morbidity\nand Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081416130791000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","article-title":"Leptospira:\nthe dawn of the molecular\ngenetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081416130791000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006503","article-title":"A systematic review\nof human and animal leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands reveals pathogen\nand reservoir diversity","volume":"12","author":"Guernier","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop.\nDis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081416130791000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2384-4","article-title":"Meta-analysis\nto estimate\nthe load of Leptospira excreted in urine: beyond rats as important\nsources of transmission in low-income rural communities","volume":"10","author":"Barragan","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201860023","article-title":"Pathology and\npathogenesis of human leptospirosis: a commented review","volume":"60","author":"De\nBrito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Inst Med. Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081416130791000_cit17","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cell aggregation:\na mechanism of pathogenic Leptospira to survive in fresh water","volume":"7","author":"Trueba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081416130791000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-015-0836-4","article-title":"Waterborne Leptospirosis: Survival\nand Preservation of the Virulence of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in\nFresh Water","volume":"71","author":"Andre-Fontaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026081416130791000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.05.087","article-title":"Adjuvanted\nleptospiral vaccines:\nChallenges and future development of new leptospirosis vaccines","volume":"37","author":"Teixeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081416130791000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00288-10","article-title":"A Leptospira\nborgpetersenii serovar Hardjo vaccine induces a Th1 response, activates\nNK cells, and reduces renal colonization","volume":"18","author":"Zuerner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin.\nVaccine Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081416130791000_cit21","first-page":"53","article-title":"Leptospirosis,\nits control, past, present and future","volume":"7","author":"Ellis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cattle\nPract."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081416130791000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.11.1573","article-title":"Immunity\nin heifers 12 months after vaccination with a multivalent vaccine\ncontaining a United States Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo\nisolate","volume":"242","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081416130791000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.12.2004","article-title":"Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent\nleptospiral vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo\ntype hardjo-bovis on type hardjo-bovis infection of cattle","volume":"50","author":"Bolin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081416130791000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.01.161","article-title":"Effect of vaccination\nwith a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine on Leptospira interrogans serovar\nhardjo type hardjo-bovis infection of pregnant cattle","volume":"50","author":"Bolin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081416130791000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.23059","article-title":"Whole-cell inactivated leptospirosis\nvaccine: future prospects","volume":"9","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081416130791000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2017.06.008","article-title":"Efficacy\nof leptospiral commercial vaccines on the protection against an autochtonous\nstrain recovered in Brazil","volume":"49","author":"Sonada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081416130791000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.118.252809","article-title":"Single dose of polyanhydride particle-based vaccine\ngenerates potent antigen-specific antitumor immune responses","volume":"370","author":"Wafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081416130791000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00159","article-title":"Biocompatibility\nof Resorbable Polymers:\nA Historical Perspective and Framework for the Future","volume":"20","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081416130791000_cit29","first-page":"32","article-title":"Polymeric Particles\nas Cancer Vaccine Vectors","volume":"22","author":"Suliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Pharm. Rev."},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.12.036","article-title":"Surface\nengineering tumor cells with\nadjuvant-loaded particles for use as cancer vaccines","volume":"248","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.01.005","article-title":"The effect of polyanhydride chemistry in particle-based\ncancer vaccines on the magnitude of the anti-tumor immune response","volume":"50","author":"Wafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081416130791000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00887","article-title":"Amino-Modified\nPolymer\nNanoparticles as Adjuvants to Activate the Complement System and to\nImprove Vaccine Efficacy in Vivo","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081416130791000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b01473","article-title":"Impact of Polymer-TLR-7\/8 Agonist\n(Adjuvant) Morphology on the Potency and Mechanism of CD8 T Cell Induction","volume":"20","author":"Lynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.09.002","article-title":"Diaminosulfide based\npolymer microparticles as cancer vaccine delivery systems","volume":"220","author":"Geary","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081416130791000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2015.11.042","article-title":"Development and\nEvaluation of Biodegradable\nParticles Coloaded With Antigen and the Toll-Like Receptor Agonist,\nPentaerythritol Lipid A, as a Cancer Vaccine","volume":"105","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102055","article-title":"Pentaerythritol-based lipid A bolsters\nthe antitumor\nefficacy of a polyanhydride particle-based cancer vaccine","volume":"21","author":"Wafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081416130791000_cit37","first-page":"619","article-title":"Leptospirosis in beef herds from western Canada: serum\nantibody titers and vaccination practices","volume":"52","author":"Van\nDe Weyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can.\nVet J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081416130791000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1021\/ma2023167","article-title":"Synthesis\nof the first poly\u00ad(diaminosulfide)\u00ads and an investigation of their applications\nas drug delivery vehicles","volume":"45","author":"Yoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081416130791000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1021\/ma300190b","article-title":"New class\nof biodegradable polymers formed from reactions of an inorganic functional\ngroup","volume":"45","author":"Yoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00066","article-title":"Inbred\nRats as a Model to Study Persistent Renal Leptospirosis and Associated\nCellular Immune Responsiveness","volume":"8","author":"Nally","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell.\nInfect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit41","article-title":"Laboratory\nmaintenance of pathogenic Leptospira","volume-title":"Current\nProtocols in Microbiology","author":"Zuerner","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit42","volume-title":"Lab Ref: A Handbook\nof Recipes, Reagents, and Other Reference Tools for Use at the Bench","author":"Roskams","year":"2002"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081416130791000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1128\/am.25.6.976-980.1973","article-title":"Improved microtechnique\nfor the leptospiral microscopic agglutination test","volume":"25","author":"Cole","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_6","article-title":"Animal Leptospirosis","volume-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","author":"Ellis","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081416130791000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.40573","article-title":"Leptospirosis: The \u201cmysterious\u201d\nmimic","volume":"1","author":"Izurieta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081416130791000_cit46","first-page":"210","article-title":"Leptospirosis vaccines:\npast, present, and future","volume":"51","author":"Koizumi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081416130791000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4958","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.8.4958-4968.2001","article-title":"Leptospiral\nproteins recognized during the humoral immune response to leptospirosis\nin humans","volume":"69","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081416130791000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6831","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.11.6831-6838.2001","article-title":"Identification of the hemolysis-associated protein 1 as a cross-protective\nimmunogen of Leptospira interrogans by adenovirus-mediated vaccination","volume":"69","author":"Branger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081416130791000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7616","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7616-7624.2001","article-title":"Molecular characterization of thermoinduced\nimmunogenic proteins Q1p42 and Hsp15 of Leptospira interrogans","volume":"69","author":"Nally","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081416130791000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4936","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.4936-4945.2002","article-title":"Characterization\nof the leptospiral outer membrane\nand description of three novel leptospiral membrane proteins","volume":"70","author":"Haake","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081416130791000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00619-0","article-title":"Molecular cloning and\ncharacterization of a novel leptospiral\nlipoprotein with OmpA domain","volume":"226","author":"Koizumi","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol.\nLett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081416130791000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2414-2421.2003","article-title":"LipL21 is\na novel surface-exposed lipoprotein of pathogenic Leptospira species","volume":"71","author":"Cullen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081416130791000_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200400880","article-title":"Purification\nand proteomic analysis of outer membrane\nvesicles from a clinical isolate of Leptospira interrogans serovar\nCopenhageni","volume":"5","author":"Nally","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"2026081416130791000_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.03.021","article-title":"Control of\nbovine leptospirosis: Aspects for consideration\nin a tropical environment","volume":"112","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081416130791000_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3775","article-title":"Engineering\nsynthetic vaccines using\ncues from natural immunity","volume":"12","author":"Irvine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"S4","key":"2026081416130791000_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1210","article-title":"Targeting\nthe innate immune response\nwith improved vaccine adjuvants","volume":"11","author":"Pashine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081416130791000_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7550","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7550-7558.2001","article-title":"Protective Killed\nLeptospira borgpetersenii Vaccine Induces Potent Th1 Immunity Comprising\nResponses by CD4 and \u03b3\u03b4 T Lymphocytes","volume":"69","author":"Naiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081416130791000_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00427-15","article-title":"Pathogenic\nLeptospira interrogans exoproteins are primarily\ninvolved in heterotrophic processes","volume":"83","author":"Eshghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect.\nImmun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081416130791000_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12949","article-title":"An extracellular Leptospira interrogans\nleucine-rich repeat protein binds human E- and VE-cadherins","volume":"21","author":"Eshghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081416130791000_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01660.x","article-title":"Characteristic features\nof intracellular pathogenic Leptospira in infected murine macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Toma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. 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