{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:05:21Z","timestamp":1789542321764,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007703","name":"North Carolina State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R834550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R834550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE AR33339-Z7218002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE AR33339-Z7218002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000146","name":"Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0756263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0756263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000146","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000146","name":"Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0853766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0853766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000146","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Urban Air Initiative"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011992","name":"Southeastern Transportation Research, Innovation, Development and Education Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2013-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T16:03:36Z","timestamp":1593101016000},"page":"8968-8979","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Geospatial Variation of Real-World Tailpipe Emission Rates for Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-6663","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tanzila","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9450-0804","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"H. Christopher","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-7043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nikhil","family":"Rastogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2309-0283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tongchuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.58.7.865"},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.60.3.328"},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00891"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Support\nCenter for Regulatory Atmospheric Modeling (SCRAM), Air Quality Dispersion\nModeling. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/scram\/air-quality-dispersion-modeling-preferred-and-recommended-models."},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","unstructured":"Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Revisions\nto the Guideline on Air Quality Models: Enhancements to the AERMOD\nDispersion Modeling System and Incorporation of Approaches To Address\nOzone and Fine Particulate Matter. Title 40, Part 51, 2017. https:\/\/www3.epa.gov\/ttn\/scram\/guidance\/guide\/appw_17.pdf."},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Transportation\nConformity Guidance for Quantitative Hot-spot Analyses in PM2.5 and\nPM10 Nonattainment and Maintenance Areas; EPA-420-B-15-084; Office\nof Transportation and Air Quality:Ann Arbor, MI, November, 2015. https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi\/P1009HVH.PDF?Dockey=P1009HVH.PDF."},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2004.10470888"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2015.04.026"},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2013.10.003"},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es702493v"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","unstructured":"Sun, Y. Inter-Vehicle and Inter-Run Variability in Real-world Activity, Energy Use and Emissions of Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles. MS Dissertation, North Carolina State University: Raleigh, NC, 2012."},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00553"},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency. The\n2018 EPA Automotive Trends Report: Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Fuel\nEconomy, and Technology since 1975; EPA-420-R-19-002; Office of Transportation\nand AirQuality: Ann Arbor, MI, March, 2019. https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi\/P100W5C2.PDF?Dockey=P100W5C2.PDF."},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Air Pollution Engineering","author":"Flagan R. C.","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.01.038"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.068"},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.06.018"},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.07.055"},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD021219"},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.12.045"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.10.040"},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.10.037"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2503-05"},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","unstructured":"Rakha, H. A.; Jackson, M. In  Are Roundabout Environmentally Friendly? An Evaluation for Uniform Approach Demands, 91st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2012."},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2011.06.001"},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.05.016"},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.03.011"},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","volume-title":"Real-World Exhaust Emissions from Modern Diesel Cars: A Meta-Analysis of PEMS Emissions Data from EU (Euro 6) and US (Tier 2 Bin 5\/ULEV II) Diesel Passenger Cars: Part 1: Aggregated Results","author":"Franco V.","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","unstructured":"Chambers, M.; Schmitt, R. U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, October 2015. https:\/\/www.bts.gov\/sites\/bts.dot.gov\/files\/legacy\/DieselFactSheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","volume-title":"Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health","author":"Watson A. Y.","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","unstructured":"International Agency for\nResearch on Cancer. Diesel and Gasoline Engine\nExhausts and Some Nitroarenes. IARC Monographs\non the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 1989. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK531367\/."},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.286"},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Regulatory\nAnnouncement EPA and NHTSA Finalize Historic National Program to Reduce\nGreenhouse Gases and Improve Fuel Economy for Cars and Trucks; EPA420-F-10-014;\nOffice of Transportation and Air Quality: Ann Arbor, MI, April, 2010. https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi\/P100AKHW.PDF?Dockey=P100AKHW.PDF."},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA\nand NHTSA Set Standards to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Improve Fuel\nEconomy for Model Years 2017-2025 Cars and Light Trucks; EPA-420-F-12-051;\nOffice of Transportation and Air Quality: Ann Arbor, MI, August, 2012. https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi\/P100EZ7C.PDF?Dockey=P100EZ7C.PDF."},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119838507"},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","unstructured":"Frey, H. C.; Boroujeni, B. Y.; Hu, J.; Sandhu, G.; Liu, B.; Jiao, W.; Graver, B. In  Field Measurements of 1996 to 2013 Model Year Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles. Extended Abstract No. 12942. Proceedings, 106th Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, Chicago, IL, June 24\u201328, 2013."},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","unstructured":"Myers, J.; Kelly, T.; Dindal, A.; Willenberg, Z.; Riggs, K. Environmental Technology Verification Report: CleanAir Technologies International, Inc. REMOTE On-Board Emissions Monitor. Prepared by Battelle for the US Environmental Protection Agency: Cincinnati, OH, June, 2003. https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/research\/nrmrl\/archive-etv\/web\/pdf\/01_vr_oem_report3.pdf."},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1996.10467447"},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es980392y"},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2340-02"},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2003.10466245"},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2270-21"},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","unstructured":"Khan, T.; Frey, H. C. In  Geospatial Variation of Real-World Emissions from a Passenger Car. Paper 950, 109th Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Air & Waste Management Association, New Orleans, LA, June 20\u201323, 2016."},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.12.025"},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464500"},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Palacios, J. L. Understanding and Quantifying Motor Vehicle Emissions with Vehicle Specific Power and TILDAS Remote Sensing. Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Cambridge, MA, 1999."},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es902835h"},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2570-04"},{"key":"ref49\/cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021350310219"},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.02.001"},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.09.021"},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2627-03"},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2570-01"},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2517-06"},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2265-25"},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2017.05.204"},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","unstructured":"NC Department\nof Transportation. GIS Data\nLayers. https:\/\/connect.ncdot.gov\/resources\/gis\/Pages\/GIS-Data-Layers.aspx."},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","unstructured":"Wake County, G. I. S. http:\/\/www.wakegov.com\/gis\/services\/Pages\/data.aspx. (accessed June 23, 2020)."},{"key":"ref59\/cit59","unstructured":"Coylar, J. D. An Empirical Study of the Relationships between Macroscopic Traffic Parameters and Vehicle Emissions. MS Dissertation, NorthCarolina State University: Raleigh, NC, 2001."},{"key":"ref60\/cit60","unstructured":"U.S. Department\nof Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,\nMethods and Practices for Setting Speed Limits: An Informational Report;\nFHWA-SA-12-004; Washington, DC, April, 2012. https:\/\/safety.fhwa.dot.gov\/speedmgt\/ref_mats\/fhwasa12004\/fhwasa12004.pdf."},{"key":"ref61\/cit61","unstructured":"Liu, B.; Frey, H. C. In Comparative Assessment of Variability in Light Duty Vehicle Exhaust Emission Rates Based on Vehicle Types, Age, Driving Cycles, and Ambient Conditions. Paper 257303, 110th Annual Conference and Exhibition of the Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, June 5-8, 2017."},{"key":"ref62\/cit62","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection\nAgency. Emission\nAdjustments for Temperature, Humidity, Air Conditioning, and Inspection\nand Maintenance for On-road Vehicles in MOVES2014. EPA-420-R-15-020,\nNovember, 2015. https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi\/P100NOEM.PDF?Dockey=P100NOEM.PDF."},{"key":"ref63\/cit63","volume-title":"Nonparametrics: Statistical Methods Based on Ranks","author":"Lehmann E. L.","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref64\/cit64","volume-title":"Applied Linear Statistical Models","author":"Kutner M. H.","year":"2005","edition":"5"},{"key":"ref65\/cit65","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Greenhouse\nGas and Energy Consumption Ratesfor On-road Vehicles: Updates for\nMOVES2014; EPA420-R-15-003; Office ofTransportation and Air Quality:\nAnn Arbor, MI, October, 2015. https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi\/P100NNUQ.PDF?Dockey=P100NNUQ.PDF."},{"key":"ref66\/cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118536186","volume-title":"Modeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines","author":"Eriksson L.","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref67\/cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2503-14"},{"key":"ref68\/cit68","unstructured":"North\nCarolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT). Traffic Survey GIS Data Products and Documents. https:\/\/connect.ncdot.gov\/resources\/State-Mapping\/Pages\/Traffic-Survey-GIS-Data.aspx."},{"key":"ref69\/cit69","unstructured":"Wunderlich, K.; Vasudevan, M.; Wang, P.; Dowling, R.; Skabardonis, A.; Alexiadis, V. TATVolume III: Guidelines for Applying Traffic Microsimulation Modeling Software 2019 Update to the 2004 Version; FHWA-HOP-18-036; Prepared by Noblis for the US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 2019. https:\/\/ops.fhwa.dot.gov\/publications\/fhwahop18036\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref70\/cit70","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. MOVES2014a\nUser Guide. EPA-420-B-15-095, Ann Arbor, MI, November, 2015. https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100NNCY.pdf."},{"key":"ref71\/cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.01.006"},{"key":"ref72\/cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.05.039"},{"key":"ref73\/cit73","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. MOVES2014,\nMOVES2014a and MOVES2014b Technical Guidance: Using MOVES to Prepare\nEmission Inventories for State Implementation Plans and Transportation\nConformity. EPA-420-B-18-039, Ann Arbor, MI, August, 2018. https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100V7EY.pdf."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.0c00489","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T20:35:23Z","timestamp":1682454923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.est.0c00489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/acs.est.0c00489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.0c00489","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]}}}