{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:24:24Z","timestamp":1787005464665,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Minamata Convention on Mercury (ref. 1) is a global treaty to protect human and environmental health from adverse effects of the toxic element mercury and its compounds. During the Third Conference of Parties (COP-3) in November 2019, elimination of the use of dental amalgam in oral health care was discussed. Dental amalgam is one of the most commonly used restorative materials in oral health care due to its strength and longevity (ref. 2). However, the use of mercury in an amalgam adds to global environmental mercury pollution and can contribute to adverse health effects on humans and other organisms. The outcomes of the COP-3 meeting included a call for information on the availability at a national scale, the economic and technical feasibility of alternatives, and the associated risks or benefits. In this feature, we discuss the risks and benefits of dental amalgam, the global tracking of availability and procurement, and the implications and realities for global phase out. We suggest a better accounting of mercury use in dental amalgam is needed with sales being made only to registered practitioners via a Know Your Customer approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T14:00:15Z","timestamp":1604412015000},"page":"14139-14142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Mercury in Dental Amalgam, Online Retail, and the Minamata Convention on Mercury"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Alphin","family":"Joy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IIT Hyderabad , , ,","place":["Kandi, Sangareddy, TS, India, 502285"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3329-0166","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asif","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIT Hyderabad , , ,","place":["Kandi, Sangareddy, TS, India, 502285"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit1","volume-title":"Minamata Convention on Mercury","author":"UNEP","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081717213032900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1998.0101","article-title":"Amalgam at the New Millennium","volume":"129","author":"Berry","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc., JADA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081717213032900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.203141","article-title":"The Minamata Convention and the Phase down of Dental Amalgam","volume":"96","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043152-6\/01843-X","article-title":"Dental Materials: Biocompatibility","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology","author":"Messer","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.09.002","article-title":"Mercury in Dental Amalgams: A Great Concern for Clinical Toxicology in Developing Countries?","volume":"51","author":"Bj\u00f8rklund","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081717213032900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2015.52","article-title":"Exposures of Dental Professionals to Elemental Mercury and Methylmercury","volume":"26","author":"Goodrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081717213032900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2016.05.007","article-title":"A Review of Mercury Exposure and Health of Dental Personnel","volume":"8","author":"Nagpal","year":"2017","journal-title":"SH W"},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0107-0","article-title":"Mercury Levels in Human Hair in South India: Baseline, Artisanal Goldsmiths and Coal-Fired Power Plants","volume":"29","author":"Subhavana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit9","unstructured":"ADA\n          . Statement on Dental Amalgam. Online at https:\/\/www.ada.org\/en\/about-the-ada\/ada-positions-policies-and-statements\/statement-on-dental-amalgam (accessed 2020-01-02)."},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.02.019","article-title":"Mercury Exposure and Health Impacts in Dental Personnel","volume":"164","author":"Aaseth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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J."},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit16","article-title":"International Programme on Chemical Safety Environmental Health Criteria 118, Inorganic Mercury","volume-title":"Mercury, Inorganic (EHC 118, 1991)","author":"WHO","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit17","volume-title":"Elemental Mercury and Inorganic Mercury Compounds: Human Health Aspects","author":"Risher","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit18","unstructured":"Health Canada. The Safety of Dental Amalgam (Date modified: 2009-02-05). 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Dental Effluent Guidelineshttps:\/\/www.epa.gov\/eg\/dental-effluent-guidelines (accessed 2020-06-02)."},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit25","unstructured":"Agrawal, A.; Sinha, S.\n          Mercury in Our Mouth: An Estimation of Mercury Usage and Release from the Dental Sector in India; Toxics Link, 2012."},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit26","volume-title":"Future Use of Materials for Dental RestorationReport of the Meeting Convened at WHO HQ, Geneva, Switzerland16th to 17th November 2009","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081717213032900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13040441","article-title":"The Post-Amalgam Era: Norwegian Dentists\u2019 Experiences with Composite Resins and Repair of Defective Amalgam Restorations","volume":"13","author":"Kopperud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. 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Earth Negotiations Bulletin: Summary of the Third Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Minamata Convention on Mercury, November 25\u201329, 2019, Geneva, Switzerland; IISD Reporting Services, 2019."},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit30","unstructured":"the Real \u20acO$T of Dental Mercury\n          ;\n          Concorde East\/West Sprl: Brussels, Belgium, 2012."},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit31","volume-title":"Composite Resin versus Amalgam for Dental Restorations: A Health Technology Assessment","author":"CADTH","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081717213032900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4835-1","article-title":"Assessing the Perceived Impact of Post Minamata Amalgam Phase down on Oral Health Inequalities: A Mixed-Methods Investigation","volume":"19","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. 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Issue of Custom House Agent License -Reference from Field Formations\u2013Regarding; Circular No.9\/2010-Customs. F.No. 502\/5\/2008-Cus.VI; Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Department of Revenue, Central Board of Excise and Customs, 2010."},{"key":"2026081717213032900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272750","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/272750","article-title":"Mercury and Other Biomedical Waste Management Practices among Dental Practitioners in India","volume":"2014","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081717213032900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5455\/jeos.20150920025053","article-title":"Mercury disposal practices: Differences in awareness and attitude in students from government and private run nursing colleges","volume":"4","author":"Tiwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Occup. 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