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Because microorganisms differ in their capacity to methylate mercury, the abundance and distribution of methylating populations may determine MeHg production in the environment. We compared rates of MeHg production and the distribution of hgcAB genes in epilimnetic sediments from a freshwater lake that were experimentally amended with sulfate levels from 7 to 300 mg L\u20131. The most abundant hgcAB sequences were associated with clades of Methanomicrobia, sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria, Spirochaetes, and unknown environmental sequences. The hgcAB+ communities from higher sulfate amendments were less diverse and had relatively more Deltaproteobacteria, whereas the communities from lower amendments were more diverse with a larger proportion of hgcAB sequences affiliated with other clades. Potential methylation rate constants varied 52-fold across the experiment. Both potential methylation rate constants and % MeHg were the highest in sediments from the lowest sulfate amendments, which had the most diverse hgcAB+ communities and relatively fewer hgcAB genes from clades associated with sulfate reduction. Although pore water sulfide concentration covaried with hgcAB diversity across our experimental sulfate gradient, major changes in the community of hgcAB+ organisms occurred prior to a significant buildup of sulfide in pore waters. Our results indicate that methylating communities dominated by diverse anaerobic microorganisms that do not reduce sulfate can produce MeHg as effectively as communities dominated by sulfate-reducing populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:08:05Z","timestamp":1604362085000},"page":"14265-14274","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Diverse\nCommunities of\n                    <i>hgcAB<\/i>\n                    + Microorganisms Methylate\nMercury in Freshwater Sediments\nSubjected to Experimental Sulfate Loading"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4556-0418","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , , , ,","place":["Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, 55108"]},{"name":"University of Minnesota , , , ,","place":["Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455"]},{"name":"New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology , , , ,","place":["Socorro, New Mexico, United States, 87801"]},{"name":"National Cave and Karst Research Institute , , ,","place":["Carlsbad, New Mexico, United States, 88220"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan W.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Duluth , , , ,","place":["Duluth, Minnesota, United States, 55812"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8538-5138","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carl P.J.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto\ue5f8Scarborough , , , ,","place":["Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M1C 1A4"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel M.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , , , ,","place":["Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake V.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota , , , ,","place":["Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Duluth , , , ,","place":["Duluth, Minnesota, United States, 55812"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward B.","family":"Swain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Pollution Control Agency , , ,","place":["Saint\nPaul, Minnesota, United States, 55155"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081717223519900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11810","DOI":"10.1021\/es403075t","article-title":"Mercury methylation by novel microorganisms\nfrom new environments","volume":"47","author":"Gilmour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. 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