{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:26:46Z","timestamp":1788456406583,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This research presents two case studies in which a change in the disinfectant from free chlorine to chloramine caused an increase in lead corrosion. In both systems, the predominantly tetravalent lead (PbO2) scales destabilized as a result of disinfectant change. Orthophosphate corrosion control was used in both systems, and the effect of this treatment chemical on the destabilized PbO2 scales was examined. The absence of chemical reactivity between PbO2 and phosphorus is well known, and this research confirms that phosphorus does not interact with the legacy PbO2 scales. Instead, phosphorus and calcium were found to permeate through the destabilized PbO2 material and react with divalent lead [Pb(II)] at the surface of a basal litharge (PbO) layer. This reaction precipitated a crystalline lead phosphate in both systems, which could not be specifically identified by any known powder diffraction files. Further analysis suggested that the compound formed was not the typically modeled hydroxypyromorphite but rather a calcium-substituted hydroxypyromorphite. During scale formation, calcium is frequently bound to the Pb(II) phosphate crystal lattice structure, causing measurable crystal lattice distortion in powder X-ray diffraction patterns. The results of this study illustrate the longevity of legacy scales and how disequilibrium compounds persist long after treatment changes have been made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c03027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T07:48:14Z","timestamp":1603698494000},"page":"14302-14311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Orthophosphate Interactions with Destabilized PbO2 Scales"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5124-2876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael K.","family":"DeSantis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , , 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. , , ,","place":["Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45268"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9248-6690","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Schock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , , 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. , , ,","place":["Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45268"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Tully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , , 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. , , ,","place":["Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45268"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Bennett-Stamper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , , 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. , , ,","place":["Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45268"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit1","unstructured":"USEPA.\n          .  Economic Analysis for the Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Revisions, 2019. Supporting and Related Material in Regulations.gov Docket: EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit2","unstructured":"USEPA.\n          .  National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Total Coliforms (Including Fecal Coliforms and E. Coli). 54 Fed. Reg. 124 (June 29, 1989), 27544\u201327568."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit3","unstructured":"USEPA.\n          .  National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Filtration, Disinfection; Turbidity, Giardia lamblia, Viruses, Legionella, and Heterotrophic Bacteria. 54 Fed. Reg. 124 (June 29, 1989), 27486\u201327541."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit4","unstructured":"USEPA.\n          .  National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts. 63 Fed. Reg. 241 (December 16, 1998), 69390\u201369476."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit5","unstructured":"USEPA.\n          .  National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment. 63 Fed. Reg. 241 (December 16, 1998), 69478\u201369521."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit6","unstructured":"USEPA.\n          .  National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. 67 Fed. Reg. 9 (January 14, 2002), 1812\u20131844."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit7","unstructured":"USEPA.\n          ,  National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule. 71 Fed. Reg. 2 (January 4, 2006), 388\u2013493."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit8","unstructured":"CDC.\n          .  History of Drinking Water Regulations, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthywater\/surveillance\/drinking-water-reg-history.html (accessed January 30, 2020)."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit9","unstructured":"USEPA.\n          .  National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Lead and Copper. 56 Fed. Reg. 110 (June 7, 1991), 26460\u201326564."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schock, M. R.\n          \n          Corrosion Inhibitor Applications in Drinking Water Treatment: Conforming to the Lead and Copper Rule.  NACE International Annual Conference and Exposition: Denver, CO, 1996.","DOI":"10.5006\/C1996-96231"},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit11","unstructured":"Schock, M. R.; Harmon, S. M.; Swertfeger, J.; Lohmann, R.\n          Tetravalent Lead: A Hitherto Unrecognized Control of Tap Water Lead Contamination.  AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference: Nashville, TN, November 11\u201315, 2001."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2005.tb07523.x","article-title":"The Formation of Pb(IV) Oxides in Chlorinated Water","volume":"97","author":"Lytle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1021\/es505886h","article-title":"Low contribution of PbO2-coated lead service lines to water lead contamination at the tap","volume":"49","author":"Triantafyllidou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit14","volume-title":"Internal Corrosion and Deposition Control","author":"Schock","year":"2011","edition":"6"},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1980.tb04616.x","article-title":"Response of Lead Solubility to Dissolved Carbonate in Drinking-Water","volume":"72","author":"Schock","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit16","first-page":"36","article-title":"Response of Lead Solubility to Dissolved Carbonate in Drinking Water (erratum)","volume":"73","author":"Schock","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit17","first-page":"485","article-title":"Section 17.5. Lead","volume-title":"Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions","author":"Pourbaix","year":"1966"},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit18","volume-title":"Solutions, Minerals and Equilibria","author":"Garrels","year":"1965"},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1021\/es9026198","article-title":"Effects of pH and Carbonate Concentration on Dissolution Rates of the Lead Corrosion Product PbO2","volume":"44","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c03797","article-title":"Lead Particle Size Fractionation and Identification in Newark, New Jersey\u2019s Drinking Water","author":"Lytle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2014.106.0002","article-title":"Measuring the oxidation-reduction potential of important oxidants in drinking water","volume":"106","author":"Copeland","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. AWWA"},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224A","DOI":"10.1021\/es040525h","article-title":"Plumbing the depths of D.C.\u2019s drinking water crisis","volume":"38","author":"Renner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0704-22","article-title":"Leading to lead","volume":"291","author":"Renner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1021\/es062612a","article-title":"Chloramine\u2019s effect on lead in drinking water","volume":"40","author":"Renner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1021\/es8037017","article-title":"Mapping out lead\u2019s legacy","volume":"43","author":"Renner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A542","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.117-a542","article-title":"Out of Plumb When Water Treatment Causes Lead Contamination","volume":"117","author":"Renner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2004.tb10724.x","article-title":"Role of chlorine and chloramine in corrosion of lead-bearing plumbing materials","volume":"96","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1021\/es052411r","article-title":"Evidence that monochloramine disinfectant could lead to elevated Pb levels in drinking water","volume":"40","author":"Switzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7082","DOI":"10.1021\/es1016763","article-title":"Impact of chlorine disinfectants on dissolution of the lead corrosion product PbO2","volume":"44","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9137","DOI":"10.1021\/es801037n","article-title":"Release of Pb(II) from monochloramine-mediated reduction of lead oxide (PbO2)","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3872","DOI":"10.1021\/es900375a","article-title":"Reduction of lead oxide (PbO2) and release of Pb(II) in mixtures of natural organic matter, free chlorine and monochloramine","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1021\/es062922t","article-title":"Electrochemistry of free chlorine and monochloramine and its relevance to the presence of Pb in drinking water","volume":"41","author":"Rajasekharan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit33","unstructured":"Schock, M. R.; Giani, R.\n          Oxidant\/Disinfectant Chemistry and Impacts on Lead Corrosion.  Sunday Workshop, AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference: San Antonio, TX, November 14, 2004."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5510","DOI":"10.1021\/es070596r","article-title":"Investigation of the reduction of lead dioxide by natural organic matter","volume":"41","author":"Dryer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit35","first-page":"131","article-title":"The Corrosion and Solubility of Lead in Drinking Water","volume-title":"Internal Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems","author":"Schock","year":"1996","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09383.x","article-title":"Effect of phosphate inhibitors on lead release from pipes","volume":"94","author":"Edwards","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1989.tb03244.x","article-title":"Understanding Corrosion Control Strategies for Lead","volume":"81","author":"Schock","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit38","first-page":"20","article-title":"Lead and Copper Control with Non-Zinc Orthophosphate","volume":"112","author":"Schock","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. N. Engl. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit39","first-page":"491","article-title":"The Scientific Basis for Control of Lead in Drinking Water by Water Treatment","volume":"35","author":"Sheiham","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Inst. Water Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit40","unstructured":"Gregory, R.; Jackson, P. J.\n          Central Water Treatment to Reduce Lead Solubility.  Proceedings AWWA Annual Conference: Dallas, TX, June 10\u201314, 1984."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit41","unstructured":"Schock, M. R.; Scheckel, K. G.; DeSantis, M. K.; Gerke, T. L.\n          Mode of Occurrence, Treatment and Monitoring Significance of Tetravalent Lead.  AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference: Quebec City, Canada, November 6\u201310, 2005."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit42","unstructured":"Desantis, M. K.; Schock, M. R.\n          Ground Truthing the \u2018Conventional Wisdom\u2019 of Lead Corrosion Control Using Mineralogical Analysis.  2014 AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference: New Orleans, LA, November 16\u201320, 2014."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit43","unstructured":"DeSantis, M. K.; Schock, M. R.; Bennett-Stamper, C.\n          Incorporation of Phosphate in Destabilized PbO2 Scales.  AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference: Seattle, WA, November 15\u201319, 2012."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit44","unstructured":"Desantis, M. K.; Welch, M. M.; Schock, M. R.\n          Mineralogical Evidence of Galvanic Corrosion in Domestic Drinking Water Pipes.  AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference: Seattle, WA, November 15\u201319, 2009."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E336","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2014.106.0064","article-title":"Importance of pipe deposits to Lead and Copper Rule compliance","volume":"106","author":"Schock","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E464","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2017.109.0121","article-title":"Scale Formation Under Blended Phosphate Treatment for a Utility With Lead Pipes","volume":"109","author":"Wasserstrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1103\/physreva.43.3161","article-title":"Vegard\u2019s law","volume":"43","author":"Denton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b06019","article-title":"The Ability of Phosphate To Prevent Lead Release from Pipe Scale When Switching from Free Chlorine to Monochloramine","volume":"54","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1127","DOI":"10.1002\/aws2.1127","article-title":"Water quality\u2013pipe deposit relationships in Midwestern lead pipes","volume":"1","author":"Tully","year":"2019","journal-title":"AWWA Water Sci."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2425447","article-title":"Copper Corrosion","volume":"109","author":"Ives","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit51","first-page":"231","article-title":"Corrosion of Copper in Potable Water Systems","volume-title":"Internal Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems","author":"Ferguson","year":"1996","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Corrosion of Copper Pipes in Drinking Water Installations","volume":"135","author":"Werner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Translation of: gwf-Wasser\/Abwasser"},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit53","unstructured":"Giani, R.; Donnelly, M.; Ngantcha, T.\n          The Effects of Changing Between Chloramine and Chlorine Disinfectants on Lead Leaching.  AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference: Quebec City, Canada, November 6\u201310, 2005."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6624","DOI":"10.1021\/es900399m","article-title":"The inhibition of Pb(IV) oxide formation in chlorinated water by orthophosphate","volume":"43","author":"Lytle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit55","unstructured":"Tesfai, F.; Pierre, C.; Reiber, S.; Giani, R.; Donnelly, M.\n          Precipitate formation in the distribution system following addition of orthophosphate.  AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference: Denver, CO, November 5\u20139, 2006."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9074062","article-title":"The Identification and Synthesis of Lead Apatite Minerals Formed in Lead Water Pipes","volume":"2016","author":"Hopwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2007.tb07959.x","article-title":"Lead Particles in Potable Water","volume":"99","author":"Triantafyllidou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026090313015896400_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2011.556556","article-title":"Lead (Pb) in Tap Water and in Blood: Implications for Lead Exposure in the United States","volume":"42","author":"Triantafyllidou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.0c03027","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/54\/22\/14302\/67300389\/acs.est.0c03027.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/54\/22\/14302\/67300389\/acs.est.0c03027.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:02:09Z","timestamp":1788454929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/54\/22\/14302\/506899\/Orthophosphate-Interactions-with-Destabilized-PbO2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.0c03027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]]}}}