{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:25:23Z","timestamp":1787005523393,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC18K0344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is considered an important loss process for CDOM absorption in sunlit natural waters, where it can regulate the biota\u2019s exposure to sunlight, surface solar heating, and dissolved organic matter dynamics. Despite its importance, this sink remains poorly quantified, primarily because of the difficulty of determining photobleaching apparent quantum yields (AQYs) that capture the dual spectral dependency of this process and are applicable to polychromatic sunlight. Here, we present a simple method to determine a CDOM photobleaching AQY matrix (AQY-M) for natural water samples that does not require any a priori assumptions about the spectral dependency of photobleaching. It combines controlled irradiation experiments, a partial least-square regression, and an optimization procedure to produce AQY-Ms that are spectrally coherent and optimized for modeling accurate photobleaching rates in natural waters. Water temperature and the solar exposure history of CDOM had a major influence on the magnitude and spectral characteristics of the AQY-M. These factors should be considered when determining the AQY-M of samples and provide constraints when modeling photobleaching rates in natural waters. We expect that this effective method will provide future studies with a robust means to characterize and understand the variability of AQY-M in natural waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c03605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T10:46:41Z","timestamp":1603450001000},"page":"14096-14106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Simple\nMethod to Determine the Apparent Quantum Yield\nMatrix of CDOM Photobleaching in Natural Waters"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2444-0214","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30605"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1099-5764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ce\u0301dric G.","family":"Fichot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit1","volume-title":"Biogeochemistry\nof Marine Dissolved Organic\nMatter","author":"Hansell","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1039\/c3em00573a","article-title":"The Importance of Charge-Transfer\nInteractions in Determining\nChromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) Optical and Photochemical\nProperties","volume":"16","author":"Sharpless","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00007","article-title":"Predicting Dissolved Lignin Phenol\nConcentrations in the Coastal Ocean from Chromophoric Dissolved Organic\nMatter (CDOM) Absorption Coefficients","volume":"3","author":"Fichot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front.\nMar. Sci."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1981.26.1.0043","article-title":"Absorption Substance\nby Dissolved\nOrganic Matter of the Sea (Yellow Substances) in the UV and Visible\nDomains","volume":"26","author":"Bricaud","year":"1981","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-120710-100751","article-title":"The Global Distribution and Dynamics\nof Chromophoric\nDissolved Organic Matter","volume":"5","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2010jg001380","article-title":"Optical\nDiversity of Thaw Ponds in Discontinuous Permafrost: A Model System\nfor Water Color Analysis","volume":"116","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.:\nBiogeosci."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4203(02)00036-1","article-title":"Photobleaching of Chromophoric Dissolved\nOrganic Matter in Natural Waters: Kinetics and Modeling","volume":"78","author":"Del\nVecchio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081717180013600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.5.2181","article-title":"Effects of\nSalinity Changes on the Photodegradation and Ultraviolet-Visible Absorbance\nof Terrestrial Dissolved Organic Matter","volume":"51","author":"Minor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Limnol.\nOceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2007jc004119","article-title":"Impacts\nof Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Material on Surface Ocean Heating\nin the Chukchi Sea","volume":"113","author":"Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic868","article-title":"Control of\nBiological\nExposure to UV Radiation in the Arctic Ocean: Comparison of the Roles\nof Ozone and Riverine Dissolved Organic Matter","volume":"53","author":"Gibson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2002.47.5.1283","article-title":"Colored Dissolved Organic Matter\nand Dissolved Organic Carbon Exclusion from Lake Ice: Implications\nfor Irradiance Transmission and Carbon Cycling","volume":"47","author":"Belzile","year":"2002","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2019.01.007","article-title":"DOM Dynamics\nin Open Waters of the Mediterranean Sea: New Insights from Optical\nProperties","volume":"144","author":"Galletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res., Part I"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2015.00092","article-title":"Linkages among Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter,\nDissolved Amino Acids and Lignin-Derived Phenols in a River-Influenced\nOcean Margin","volume":"2","author":"Yamashita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10270","article-title":"Optical Properties of Dissolved Organic\nMatter (DOM):\nEffects of Biological and Photolytic Degradation","volume":"61","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrg.20048","article-title":"Photochemical\nand Microbial Alteration\nof Dissolved Organic Matter in Temperate Headwater Streams Associated\nwith Different Land Use","volume":"118","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11243","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02648","article-title":"Photochemistry Illuminates Ubiquitous Organic Matter\nFluorescence Spectra","volume":"52","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2004.49.1.0117","article-title":"Competition between Biological and\nPhotochemical Processes\nin the Mineralization of Dissolved Organic Carbon","volume":"49","author":"Obernosterer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2012.57.5.1453","article-title":"The Spectral Slope\nCoefficient of Chromophoric Dissolved\nOrganic Matter (S275-295) as a Tracer of Terrigenous Dissolved Organic\nCarbon in River-Influenced Ocean Margins","volume":"57","author":"Fichot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Limnol.\nOceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.4.0674","article-title":"Seasonal\nVariation of CDOM and DOC in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Terrestrial\nInputs and Photooxidation","volume":"42","author":"Vodacek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2000.45.6.1254","article-title":"Carbon\nLoss and Optical Property\nChanges during Long-Term Photochemical and Biological Degradation\nof Estuarine Dissolved Organic Matter","volume":"45","author":"Moran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Limnol.\nOceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C07051","DOI":"10.1029\/2007jc004493","article-title":"Algorithm\nDevelopment and Validation\nfor Satellite-Derived Distributions of DOC and CDOM in the U.S. Middle\nAtlantic Bight","volume":"113","author":"Mannino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L03610","DOI":"10.1029\/2010gl046152","article-title":"A Novel Method to Estimate DOC Concentrations from\nCDOM Absorption Coefficients in Coastal Waters","volume":"38","author":"Fichot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2012.01.008","article-title":"The Effect\nof Surface Irradiance on the Absorption Spectrum of Chromophoric Dissolved\nOrganic Matter in the Global Ocean","volume":"63","author":"Swan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Deep Sea\nRes., Part I"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-007-9089-3","article-title":"Photobleaching of\nChromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in Rainwater","volume":"58","author":"Kieber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13361","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04278","article-title":"CDOM Sources\nand Photobleaching Control Quantum Yields\nfor Oceanic DMS Photolysis","volume":"50","author":"Gali\u0301","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081717180013600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-14-1215-2017","article-title":"Spatio-Seasonal Variability\nof Chromophoric\nDissolved Organic Matter Absorption and Responses to Photobleaching\nin a Large Shallow Temperate Lake","volume":"14","author":"Aullo\u0301-Maestro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/02772249209357816","article-title":"Light-induced Destruction of the Absorbance Property\nof Dissolved Organic Matter in Seawater","volume":"35","author":"Kouassi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicol.\nEnviron. Chem."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2013.05.015","article-title":"Photochemical Bleaching\nof Oceanic Dissolved Organic\nMatter and Its Effect on Absorption Spectral Slope and Fluorescence","volume":"155","author":"Helms","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7207","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-7207-2013","article-title":"Photobleaching as a\nFactor Controlling Spectral Characteristics of\nChromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Open Ocean","volume":"10","author":"Yamashita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2004.02.027","article-title":"Spatial and Seasonal Distribution\nof Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter and Dissolved Organic Carbon\nin the Middle Atlantic Bight","volume":"89","author":"Del\nVecchio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2001.46.6.1455","article-title":"Calculation of Spectral Weighting\nFunctions for the\nSolar Photobleaching of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Temperate\nLakes","volume":"46","author":"Osburn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00142.x","article-title":"Photobleaching of\nDissolved Organic\nMaterial from a Tidal Marsh-Estuarine System of the Chesapeake Bay","volume":"83","author":"Tzortziou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1039\/c6em00682e","article-title":"Photobleaching of Chromophoric\nDissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in\nthe Yangtze River Estuary Kinetics and Effects of Temperature, PH,\nand Salinity","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1562\/tm-03-17.1","article-title":"A Multicomponent\nModel of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter photobleaching","volume":"80","author":"Goldstone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1021\/es049912h","article-title":"On the Origin of the Optical Properties\nof Humic Substances","volume":"38","author":"Del\nVecchio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1021\/es803264g","article-title":"Optical\nProperties of Humic Substances and CDOM: Relation to Structure","volume":"43","author":"Boyle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L03610","DOI":"10.1029\/2010gl046152","article-title":"A Novel Method\nto Estimate DOC Concentrations from\nCDOM Absorption Coefficients in Coastal Waters","volume":"38","author":"Fichot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.36.006035","article-title":"Absorption\nand Attenuation of Visible\nand Near-Infrared Light in Water: Dependence on Temperature and Salinity","volume":"36","author":"Pegau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4203(01)00067-6","article-title":"Quantum Yield for\nthe Photochemical Production of Dissolved\nInorganic Carbon in Seawater","volume":"76","author":"Johannessen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optical Properties\nof Pure Water and Pure Seawater","volume-title":"Optical\nAspects of Oceanography","author":"Morel","year":"1974"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8710","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.36.008710","article-title":"Absorption Spectrum\n(380-700nm) of Pure Water. II.\nIntegrating Cavity Measurements","volume":"36","author":"Pope","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7163","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.55.007163","article-title":"Ultraviolet (250\u2013550\nNm) Absorption\nSpectrum of Pure Water","volume":"55","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-007-0895-0","article-title":"Chemical \u201cLight Meters\u201d\nfor Photochemical and Photobiological Studies","volume":"69","author":"Kieber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08143.x","article-title":"Nitrate and\nNitrite Ultraviolet Actinometers","volume":"70","author":"Jankowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Photochem.\nPhotobiol."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2006.06.003","article-title":"The Role\nof Nitrogen in Chromophoric\nand Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter Formation","volume":"103","author":"Biers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2008.53.3.0955","article-title":"Absorption Spectral\nSlopes and Slope Ratios as Indicators\nof Molecular Weight, Source, and Photobleaching of Chromophoric Dissolved\nOrganic Matter","volume":"53","author":"Helms","year":"2008","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1039\/c6em00682e","article-title":"Photobleaching of Chromophoric\nDissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in\nthe Yangtze River Estuary Kinetics and Effects of Temperature, PH,\nand Salinity","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.1.0145","article-title":"Increases in the Longwave Photobleaching\nof Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter in Coastal Waters","volume":"54","author":"Osburn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1021\/es052513h","article-title":"A Multifactor\nExploration of the\nPhotobleaching of Suwannee River Dissolved Organic Matter across the\nFreshwater\/Saltwater Interface","volume":"40","author":"Hefner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00453","article-title":"Iron and PH Regulating\nthe Photochemical\nMineralization of Dissolved Organic Carbon","volume":"2","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/2013gb004670","article-title":"The Fate of Terrigenous\nDissolved Organic Carbon in\na River-Influenced Ocean Margin","volume":"28","author":"Fichot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem.\nCycles"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2007.02.004","article-title":"Variability of the\nApparent Quantum Efficiency of CO\nPhotoproduction in the Gulf of Maine and Northwest Atlantic","volume":"105","author":"Ziolkowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2014.59.1.0182","article-title":"The Efficiency and\nSpectral Photon Dose Dependence\nof Photochemically Induced Changes to the Bioavailability of Dissolved\nOrganic Carbon","volume":"59","author":"Reader","year":"2014","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-925-2012","article-title":"Tracing the Transport\nof Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in Water Masses of the Southern\nBeaufort Sea: Relationship with Hydrographic Characteristics","volume":"9","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2026081717180013600_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1999.44.4.1142","article-title":"Determining\nOptical Absorption of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter in Seawater\nwith a Liquid Capillary Waveguide","volume":"44","author":"D\u2019Sa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."}],"container-title":["Environmental\nScience &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.0c03605","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/54\/21\/14096\/13508599\/es0c03605.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/54\/21\/14096\/13508599\/es0c03605.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:42:28Z","timestamp":1787002948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/54\/21\/14096\/505169\/Simple-Method-to-Determine-the-Apparent-Quantum"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.0c03605","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]}}}