{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:20:36Z","timestamp":1788319236493,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHS-A-00-09-00015-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHS-A-00-09-00015-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1137224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1137224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rigorous studies of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) suggest that children are exposed to enteric pathogens via multiple interacting pathways, including soil ingestion. In 30 compounds (household clusters) in low-income urban Maputo, Mozambique, we cultured Escherichia coli and quantified gene targets from soils (E. coli: ybbW, Shigella\/enteroinvasiveE. coli (EIEC): ipaH, Giardia duodenalis: \u03b2-giardin) using droplet digital PCR at three compound locations (latrine entrance, solid waste area, dishwashing area). We found that 88% of samples were positive for culturable E. coli (mean = 3.2\u202flog10 CFUs per gram of dry soil), 100% for molecular E. coli (mean = 5.9\u202flog10 gene copies per gram of dry soil), 44% for ipaH (mean = 2.5\u202flog10), and 41% for \u03b2-giardin (mean = 2.1\u202flog10). Performing stochastic quantitative microbial risk assessment using soil ingestion parameters from an LMIC setting for children 12\u201323 months old, we estimated that the median annual infection risk by G. duodenalis was 7100-fold (71% annual infection risk) and by Shigella\/EIEC was 4000-fold (40% annual infection risk) greater than the EPA\u2019s standard for drinking water. Compounds in Maputo, and similar settings, require contact and source control strategies to reduce the ingestion of contaminated soil and achieve acceptable levels of risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T02:42:00Z","timestamp":1611196920000},"page":"1941-1952","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Quantitative\nMicrobial Risk Assessment of Pediatric\nInfections Attributable to Ingestion of Fecally Contaminated Domestic\nSoils in Low-Income Urban Maputo, Mozambique"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Drew","family":"Capone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology , , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30332"]},{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9385-2138","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aaron","family":"Bivins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame , , , ,","place":["Notre Dame, Indiana, United States, 46556"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0834-8488","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jackie","family":"Knee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 7HT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Cumming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 7HT"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rassul","family":"Nala\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministe\u0301rio da Sau\u0301de, Instituto Nacional de Sau\u0301de Maputo , ,","place":["Maputo, Mozambique, 1100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5200-4148","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joe","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology , , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30332"]},{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090123060923800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S193","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu653","article-title":"The\nMAL-ED Study: A Multinational and Multidisciplinary Approach to Understand\nthe Relationship between Enteric Pathogens, Malnutrition, Gut Physiology,\nPhysical Growth, Cognitive Development, and Immune Responses in Infants\nand Children up to 2 Years Of","volume":"59","author":"MAL-ED Network Investigators.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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