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In addition, FeNX species have been shown to facilitate electron transfer between Fe and the carbon supports used in newly developed metal\u2013air batteries. We hypothesized that the combination of FeNX species with granular zero-valent iron (ZVI) might result in catalyzed reductive decontamination of groundwater contaminants such as trichloroethylene (TCE). Here, such materials synthesized by ball milling microscale ZVI with melamine and the resulting N species were mainly in the form of pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic N. This new material (abbreviated as N\u2013C-mZVIbm) dechlorinated TCE at higher rates than bare mZVIbm (about 3.5-fold) due to facilitated electron transfer through (or around) the surface layer of iron oxides by the newly formed Fe\u2013NX(C). N\u2013C-mZVIbm gave higher kTCE (0.4\u20131.14 day\u20131) than mZVIbm (0\u20130.4 day\u20131) over a wide range of pH values (4\u201311). Unlike most ZVI systems, kTCE for N\u2013C-mZVIbm increased with increasing pH values. This is because the oxide layer that passivates Fe0 at a high pH is disrupted by Fe\u2013NX(C) formed on N\u2013C-mZVIbm, thereby allowing TCE dechlorination and HER under basic conditions. Serial respike experiments gave no evidence of decreased performance of N\u2013C-mZVIbm, showing that the advantages of this material might remain under field applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c08176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T18:42:17Z","timestamp":1616006537000},"page":"5393-5402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["FeN\n                    <i>X<\/i>\n                    (C)-Coated Microscale\nZero-Valent Iron for Fast and Stable Trichloroethylene Dechlorination\nin both Acidic and Basic pH Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8818-6417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Tratnyek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health & Science University , , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road , , ,","place":["Portland, Oregon, United States, 97239"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0133-0119","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chengshuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550081"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5702-4511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201906910","article-title":"Sulfur Loading and Speciation Control\nthe Hydrophobicity,\nElectron Transfer, Reactivity, and Selectivity of Sulfidized Nanoscale\nZerovalent Iron","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201705703","article-title":"Enrichment\nof Precious Metals from\nWastewater with Core\u2013Shell Nanoparticles of Iron","volume":"30","author":"Ling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133701","article-title":"Enhanced Nitrobenzene\nReduction by Modified Biochar Supported Sulfidated Nano Zerovalent\nIron: Comparison of Surface Modification Methods","volume":"694","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5302","DOI":"10.1021\/es304829z","article-title":"Reductive\nSequestration of Pertechnetate (99TcO4\u2011) by Nano Zerovalent Iron (nZVI)\nTransformed by Abiotic Sulfide","volume":"47","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.08.001","article-title":"Bimetallic\nNickel-Iron Nanoparticles for Groundwater Decontamination:\nEffect of Groundwater Constituents on Surface Deactivation","volume":"66","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9962","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR00740F","article-title":"Mechanism, Synthesis\nand Modification of Nano Zerovalent\nIron in Water Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7290","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01897","article-title":"Environmental Remediation\nand Application of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron and Its Composites for\nthe Removal of Heavy Metal Ions: A Review","volume":"50","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. 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Soc."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.11.007","article-title":"Synthesis,\nCharacterization and Thermodynamic Stability of Nanostructured \u03b5-Iron\nCarbonitride Powder Prepared by a Solid-State Mechanochemical Route","volume":"778","author":"Rounaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.696","article-title":"Low-Wavenumber\nRaman Spectra of the\nSpin-Transition Complexes [Fe\u00ad(NH2 trz)3]\u00ad(ClO4)2 and [Fe\u00ad(Htrz)3]\u00ad(ClO4)2","volume":"32","author":"Smit","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17494","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M000830200","article-title":"Histidine 20, the Crucial Proximal Axial Heme Ligand\nof Bacterial Heme Oxygenase Hmu O from Corynebacterium Diphtheriae","volume":"275","author":"Chu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1250261008","article-title":"Resonance Raman Detection of Two Conformers for the\nCyanide Adduct of Cytochrome c Peroxidase and Their pH Dependence","volume":"26","author":"Rajani","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.1021\/jp953208t","article-title":"Adsorption\nand Displacement of Melamine\nat the Ag\/Electrolyte Interface Probed by Surface-Enhanced Raman Microprobe\nSpectroscopy","volume":"100","author":"Koglin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2629","article-title":"Detection of Melamine in Liquid Milk Using Surface-Enhanced\nRamanscattering Spectroscopy","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201203732","article-title":"From Melamine-Cyanuric Acid Supramolecular Aggregates\nto Carbon Nitride Hollow Spheres","volume":"23","author":"Jun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. 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Interfaces"},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13344","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04210","article-title":"Sulfur Dose and Sulfidation Time Affect Reactivity\nand Selectivity of Post-Sulfidized Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8214","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01763","article-title":"Aging of Zerovalent\nIron in Synthetic Groundwater: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Depth\nProfiling Characterization and Depassivation with Uniform Magnetic\nField","volume":"50","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Mag."},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126230","article-title":"Processes Leading to\nReduced and Oxidised Carbon Compounds during Corrosion of Zero-Valent\nIron in Alkaline Anoxic Conditions","volume":"250","author":"Guillemot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.202000535","article-title":"Carbon\nPathways, Sodium-Sulphur Promotion and Identification\nof Iron Carbides in Iron-Based Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Paalanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"2026081711172499300_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1039\/b805427d","article-title":"The Renaissance of Iron-Based Fischer-Tropsch\nSynthesis: On the Multifaceted Catalyst Deactivation Behaviour","volume":"37","author":"De\nSmit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. 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