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However, the formation of AgNPs in the atmosphere has not been reported. Here, we describe a previously unreported source of AgNPs via the reduction of Ag\u00ad(I) by SO2 in the atmosphere, especially in moist environments, using multipronged advanced analytical and surface techniques. The rapid reduction of Ag\u00ad(I) in the atmospheric aqueous phase was mainly caused by the sulfite ions formed from the dissolution of SO2 in water, which contributed to the formation of AgNPs and was consistent with the Finke\u2013Watzky model with a major contribution of the reduction\u2013nucleation process. Sunlight irradiation excited SO2 to form triplet SO2, which reacted with water to form H2SO3 and greatly enhanced Ag\u00ad(I) reduction and AgNP formation. Different pH values affected the speciation of Ag\u00ad(I) and S\u00ad(IV), which were jointly involved in the reduction of Ag\u00ad(I). The formation of AgNPs was also observed in the atmospheric gas phase via direct reduction of Ag\u00ad(I) by SO2(gas), which occurred even in 50 ppbv SO2(gas). The natural occurrence of AgNPs in the atmosphere may also be involved in silver corrosion, AgNP transformation and regeneration, detoxification of gaseous pollutants, and the sulfur cycle in the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c08790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T13:24:16Z","timestamp":1615209856000},"page":"5569-5578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Reduction\nof Ionic Silver by Sulfur Dioxide as a Source\nof Silver Nanoparticles in the Environment"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Zhineng","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , P.O. Box 2871, ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fasong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , P.O. Box 2871, ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"Anqing Normal University , , , ,","place":["Anqing, Anhui, China, 246011"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6353-6193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , P.O. Box 2871, ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6508-8750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , P.O. Box 2871, ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7048-2856","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yujing","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5980-8675","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Virender K.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University , , 212 Adriance Lab Road, 1266 TAMU , , ,","place":["College Station, Texas, United States, 77843"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7134-7026","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingfu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , P.O. Box 2871, ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6335-3917","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guibin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , P.O. Box 2871, ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1021\/es103316q","article-title":"120 years\nof nanosilver history:\nimplications for policy makers","volume":"45","author":"Nowack","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. 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Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit23","volume-title":"Silver and Silver Compounds:\nEnvironmental Aspects","author":"Howe","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-951-2015","article-title":"Atmospheric wet and dry deposition\nof trace elements\nat 10 sites in Northern China","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem.\nPhys."},{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1029\/WR006i001p00088","article-title":"Ecological effects\nof silver iodide and other weather\nmodification agents: a review","volume":"6","author":"Cooper","year":"1970","journal-title":"Water Resour.\nRes."},{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50031a011","article-title":"Determination\nof silver in precipitation\nby furnace atomic absorption spectrometry","volume":"50","author":"Sheaffer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anal.\nChem."},{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.062","article-title":"The spatiotemporal\nvariation and\nkey factors of SO2 in 336 cities across China","volume":"210","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7004","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800605115","article-title":"Quantifying\ncoal power plant responses\nto tighter SO2 emissions standards in China","volume":"115","author":"Karplus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7272","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720488115","article-title":"Aerosol\nmicrodroplets exhibit a stable\npH gradient","volume":"115","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14516","DOI":"10.1021\/es504088e","article-title":"Rapid chromatographic\nseparation of dissoluble Ag\u00ad(I)\nand silver-containing nanoparticles of 1\u2013100 nanometer in antibacterial\nproducts and environmental waters","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9366","DOI":"10.1021\/es502025e","article-title":"Photoreduction and\nstabilization capability of molecular\nweight fractionated natural organic matter in transformation of silver\nion to metallic nanoparticle","volume":"48","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081711192550700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.5b01168","article-title":"Formation mechanism\nof gold nanoparticles synthesized\nby photoreduction in aqueous ethanol solutions of polymers using in\nsitu quick scanning X-ray absorption fine structure and small-angle\nX-ray scattering","volume":"16","author":"Harada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryst. 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