{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:25:57Z","timestamp":1786980357539,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"the University of California Office of the President, Multicampus Research Programs and Initiatives","award":["MRP-17-455083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRP-17-455083"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In urban areas, untreated stormwater runoff can pollute downstream surface waters. To intercept and treat runoff, low-impact or \u201cgreen infrastructure\u201d approaches such as using biofilters are adopted. Yet, actual biofilter pollutant removal is poorly understood; removal is often studied in laboratory columns, with variable removal of viable and culturable microbial cell numbers including pathogens. Here, to assess bacterial pollutant removal in full-scale planted biofilters, stormwater was applied, unspiked or spiked with untreated sewage, in simulated storm events under transient flow conditions, during which biofilter influents versus effluents were compared. Based on microbial biomass, sequences of bacterial community genes encoding 16S rRNA, and gene copies of the human fecal marker HF183 and of the Enterococcus spp. marker Entero1A, removal of bacterial pollutants in biofilters was limited. Dominant bacterial taxa were similar for influent versus effluent aqueous samples within each inflow treatment of either spiked or unspiked stormwater. Bacterial pollutants in soil were gradually washed out, albeit incompletely, during simulated storm flushing events. In post-storm biofilter soil cores, retained influent bacteria were concentrated in the top layers (0\u201310 cm), indicating that the removal of bacterial pollutants was spatially limited to surface soils. To the extent that plant-associated processes are responsible for this spatial pattern, treatment performance might be enhanced by biofilter designs that maximize influent contact with the rhizosphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c00510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T15:14:10Z","timestamp":1623251650000},"page":"9199-9208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Limited\nBacterial Removal in Full-Scale Stormwater\nBiofilters as Evidenced by Community Sequencing Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-7742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Santa Barbara , , , ,","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States, 93106"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie C.","family":"Van De Werfhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Santa Barbara , , , ,","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States, 93106"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megyn B.","family":"Rugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Los Angeles , , 420 Westwood Plaza, 5731 Boelter Hall , , ,","place":["Los\nAngeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Feraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Santa Barbara , , , ,","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States, 93106"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Cheng","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Los Angeles , , 420 Westwood Plaza, 5731 Boelter Hall , , ,","place":["Los\nAngeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Jay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Los Angeles , , 420 Westwood Plaza, 5731 Boelter Hall , , ,","place":["Los\nAngeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Source Molecular Corporation , 15280 NW 79th Court, St 107 , , ,","place":["Miami Lakes, Florida, United States, 33016"]},{"name":"Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board , 3737 Main Street, St 500 , , ,","place":["Riverside, California, United States, 92501"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech , , 9408 Prince William Street , , ,","place":["Manassas, Virginia, United States, 20110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-7211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stanley B.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Tech , , 9408 Prince William Street , , ,","place":["Manassas, Virginia, United States, 20110"]},{"name":"Virginia Tech , , 1068A Derring Hall (0420) , , ,","place":["Blacksburg, Virginia, United States, 24061"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6777-5359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Santa Barbara , , , ,","place":["Santa Barbara, California, United States, 93106"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.05.029","article-title":"Key issues for sustainable urban\nstormwater management","volume":"46","author":"Barbosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.2175\/106143017X15023776270692","article-title":"Urban stormwater\ncharacterization,\ncontrol, and treatment","volume":"89","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.2175\/106143018X15289915807452","article-title":"Urban stormwater\ncharacterization, control and treatment","volume":"90","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water\nEnviron. Res."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5534","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05913","article-title":"Urban stormwater to enhance water\nsupply","volume":"53","author":"Luthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1216852","article-title":"Taking the \u2018waste\u2019\nout of \u2018wastewater\u2019 for human water security and ecosystem\nsustainability","volume":"337","author":"Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-008-9119-1","article-title":"Impediments and\nsolutions to sustainable, watershed-scale urban stormwater management:\nlessons from Australia and the United States","volume":"42","author":"Roy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Manage."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10727","DOI":"10.1021\/es400618z","article-title":"Adapting\nurban water systems to a changing climate: Lessons from the Millennium\nDrought in Southeast Australia","volume":"47","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1096","article-title":"Meeting\nthe criteria: linking biofilter design to fecal indicator bacteria\nremoval","volume":"2","author":"Rippy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water"},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.06.009","article-title":"Nutrient and sediment\nremoval by stormwater biofilters: A large-scale design optimisation\nstudy","volume":"42","author":"Bratieres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2012.0082","article-title":"Bioretention\ncolumn study of bacteria community response to salt-enriched artificial\nstormwater","volume":"41","author":"Endreny","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1021\/es071264p","article-title":"Hydraulic and pollutant\nremoval performance\nof fine media stormwater filtration systems","volume":"42","author":"Hatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2012.0312","article-title":"Engineered infiltration\nsystems for urban stormwater reclamation","volume":"30","author":"Grebel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ.\nEng. Sci."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2007.108","article-title":"Removal of\ndissolved nitrogen, phosphorus\nand carbon from stormwater by biofiltration mesocosms","volume":"55","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9184","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01164","article-title":"Organic\ncarbon amendments for enhanced biological attenuation of trace organic\ncontaminants in biochar-amended stormwater biofilters","volume":"51","author":"Ulrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.055","article-title":"A review on\nmicrobial contaminants in stormwater runoff and outfalls: Potential\nhealth risks and mitigation strategies","volume":"692","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-2430-2","article-title":"Survival\nof Escherichia coli in stormwater biofilters","volume":"21","author":"Chandrasena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut.\nRes. Int."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5703","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00752","article-title":"Predictive\npower of clean bed filtration\ntheory for fecal indicator bacteria removal in stormwater biofilters","volume":"51","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.03.020","article-title":"Shifts in dissolved organic matter and microbial community\ncomposition are associated with enhanced removal of fecal pollutants\nin urban stormwater wetlands","volume":"137","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EW00297E","article-title":"Role of microbial\ncell properties on bacterial pathogen and coliphage removal in biochar-modified\nbiofilters","volume":"4","author":"Afrooz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.03.044","article-title":"Biofiltration for stormwater harvesting:\ncomparison of Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia\ncoli removal under normal and challenging operational conditions","volume":"537","author":"Chandrasena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115733","article-title":"Surf zone\nmicrobiological water quality\nfollowing emergency beach nourishment using sediments from a catastrophic\ndebris flow","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic\nbiomarker discovery and\nexplanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1650","article-title":"Bayesian\ncommunity-wide culture-independent microbial source tracking","volume":"8","author":"Knights","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. 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Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.08.017","article-title":"Influences of sample\ninterference and interference controls on quantification of enterococci\nfecal indicator bacteria in surface water samples by the qPCR method","volume":"46","author":"Haugland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.04137-13","article-title":"Improved\nHF183 quantitative real-time\nPCR assay for characterization of human fecal pollution in ambient\nsurface water samples","volume":"80","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis\nof high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1975-3","article-title":"16SPIP: a\ncomprehensive analysis pipeline for rapid pathogen detection in clinical\nsamples based on 16S metagenomic sequencing","volume":"18","author":"Miao","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit31","volume-title":"PRIMER v6: User Manual\/Tutorial","author":"Clarke","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W147","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw419","article-title":"Heatmapper: web-enabled heat mapping\nfor all","volume":"44","author":"Babicki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63468-0","article-title":"Novosphingobium\ntaihuense sp. nov., a novel aromatic-compound-degrading bacterium\nisolated from Taihu Lake, China","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst.\nEvol. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit34","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Phenylobacterium.\nBergey\u2019s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria","author":"Eberspa\u0308cher","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03044","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03044-19","article-title":"Bacteria from the\ngenus Arcobacter are abundant in effluent from wastewater\ntreatment plants","volume":"86","author":"Kristensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03448-12","article-title":"Comparison of the microbial community\nstructures of\nuntreated wastewaters from different geographic locales","volume":"79","author":"Shanks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00824.x","article-title":"Identification of a novel ABC transporter required\nfor desiccation tolerance, and biofilm formation in Rhizobium\nleguminosarum bv. viciae 3841","volume":"71","author":"Vanderlinde","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS\nMicrobiol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000551","article-title":"Effects\nof media and plant selection\non biofiltration performance","volume":"139","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-29420-1","volume-title":"Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere","author":"Mukerji","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.170","article-title":"Micro-zooplankton\ngrazing as a means\nof fecal bacteria removal in stormwater BMPs","volume":"75","author":"Burtchett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2175\/106143010X12609736966441","article-title":"The capture and\ndestruction of Escherichia coli from simulated urban\nrunoff using conventional bioretention media and iron oxide-coated\nsand","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-1393(98)00066-3","article-title":"Soil fauna,\nguilds, functional groups and ecosystem processes","volume":"9","author":"Brussaard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.189","article-title":"Sources and\ndrivers of contamination\nalong an urban tropical river (Ciliwung, Indonesia): Insights from\nmicrobial DNA, isotopes and water chemistry","volume":"682","author":"Duvert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.03.043","article-title":"Assessing the origin of bacteria in tap water and distribution\nsystem in an unchlorinated drinking water system by SourceTracker\nusing microbial community fingerprints","volume":"138","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2017.03.0116","article-title":"Impact of roadway stormwater\nrunoff on microbial contamination in the receiving stream","volume":"46","author":"Wyckoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4099","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b07334","article-title":"New insights\ninto sediment transport in interconnected river-lake systems through\ntracing microorganisms","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05401","article-title":"Application of SourceTracker\nfor\naccurate identification of fecal pollution in recreational freshwater:\na double-blinded study","volume":"52","author":"Staley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.1.181","article-title":"rrndb:\nthe Ribosomal\nRNA Operon Copy Number Database","volume":"29","author":"Klappenbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids\nRes."},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2017.06.013","article-title":"The feasibility of improved live-dead\ndistinction in qPCR-based microbial source tracking","volume":"140","author":"Seidel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"2026081710282544000_cit50","unstructured":"Water Research Foundation\n          . International stormwater BMP database. 2020, http:\/\/bmpdatabase.org\/."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.1c00510","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/55\/13\/9199\/3700882\/es1c00510.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/55\/13\/9199\/3700882\/es1c00510.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:39:37Z","timestamp":1786977577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/55\/13\/9199\/383462\/Limited-Bacterial-Removal-in-Full-Scale-Stormwater"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.1c00510","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]}}}