{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:41:08Z","timestamp":1791999668215,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Natural gas stoves in &amp;gt;40 million U.S. residences release methane (CH4)\ue5f8a potent greenhouse gas\ue5f8through post-meter leaks and incomplete combustion. We quantified methane released in 53 homes during all phases of stove use: steady-state-off (appliance not in use), steady-state-on (during combustion), and transitory periods of ignition and extinguishment. We estimated that natural gas stoves emit 0.8\u20131.3% of the gas they use as unburned methane and that total U.S. stove emissions are 28.1 [95% confidence interval: 18.5, 41.2] Gg CH4 year\u20131. More than three-quarters of methane emissions we measured originated during steady-state-off. Using a 20-year timeframe for methane, annual methane emissions from all gas stoves in U.S. homes have a climate impact comparable to the annual carbon dioxide emissions of 500\u202f000 cars. In addition to methane emissions, co-emitted health-damaging air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into home air and can trigger respiratory diseases. In 32 homes, we measured NOx (NO and NO2) emissions and found them to be linearly related to the amount of natural gas burned (r2 = 0.76; p \u226a 0.01). Emissions averaged 21.7 [20.5, 22.9] ng NOx J\u20131, comprised of 7.8 [7.1, 8.4] ng NO2 J\u20131 and 14.0 [12.8, 15.1] ng NO J\u20131. Our data suggest that families who don\u2019t use their range hoods or who have poor ventilation can surpass the 1-h national standard of NO2 (100 ppb) within a few minutes of stove usage, particularly in smaller kitchens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T03:01:03Z","timestamp":1643252463000},"page":"2529-2539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Methane\nand NO\n                    <i>x<\/i>\n                    Emissions\nfrom Natural Gas Stoves, Cooktops, and Ovens in Residential Homes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5255-6893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric D.","family":"Lebel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University , , , ,","place":["Stanford, California, United States, 94305"]},{"name":"PSE Healthy Energy , , ,","place":["Oakland, California, United States, 94612"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Finnegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University , , , ,","place":["Stanford, California, United States, 94305"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zutao","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University , , , ,","place":["Stanford, California, United States, 94305"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University , , , ,","place":["Stanford, California, United States, 94305"]},{"name":"Woods Institute for the Environment , , ,","place":["Stanford, California, United States, 94305"]},{"name":"Precourt Institute for Energy , , ,","place":["Stanford, California, United States, 94305"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12614","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL071930","article-title":"Radiative Forcing\nof Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide: A Significant Revision\nof the Methane Radiative Forcing","volume":"43","author":"Etminan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res.\nLett."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-1561-2020","article-title":"The Global\nMethane Budget 2000 \u2013 2017","volume":"12","author":"Saunois","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst.\nSci. Data"},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit3","first-page":"659","article-title":"Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing","volume-title":"Climate Change 2013\ue5f8The Physical Science Basis:\nWorking Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Myhre","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit4","unstructured":"U.S. Energy Information Administration.\nNatural Gas Explained."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7204","article-title":"Assessment of Methane\nEmissions from the U.S. Oil and Gas Supply Chain","volume":"361","author":"Alvarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit6","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency\n          . Inventory\nof U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990\u20132018; USEPA, 2020."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05323","article-title":"Unburned Methane Emissions from Residential\nNatural\nGas Appliances","volume":"53","author":"Merrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10205","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03217","article-title":"An Estimate of Natural Gas Methane\nEmissions from California Homes","volume":"52","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit9","unstructured":"EIA\n          . Residential Energy Consumption\nSurvey (RECS); U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2015."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit10","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau\n          . American Housing Survey\ue5f82019 California\ue5f8Heating,\nAir Conditioning, and Appliances; United\nStates Census Bureau, 2021. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/ahs\/data\/interactive\/ahstablecreator.html?s_areas=00006&s_year=2019&s_tablename=TABLE_3&s_bygroup1=1&s_bygroup2=1&s_filtergroup1=1&s_filtergroup2=1 (accessed Nov 4, 2021)."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A154","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.122-A154","article-title":"Take Care\nin the Kitchen: Avoiding Cooking-Related Pollutants","volume":"122","author":"Seltenrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6167","DOI":"10.1021\/es3001079","article-title":"Performance Assessment of U.S. Residential Cooking\nExhaust Hoods","volume":"46","author":"Delp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2011.00756.x","article-title":"Performance of Installed\nCooking Exhaust Devices","volume":"22","author":"Singer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12676","article-title":"Indoor Air Quality in California\nHomes with Code-Required\nMechanical Ventilation","volume":"30","author":"Singer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238870","article-title":"Factors Impacting Range Hood Use in California Houses\nand Low-Income Apartments","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ.\nRes. 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Dryad, Dataset, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7941\/D1T050.10.7941\/D1T050.","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12764"},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-019-00441-0","article-title":"Indoor Air Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide (CO2),\nNitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Ozone (O3) in Multiple Healthcare Facilities","volume":"42","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1053\/ai.1994.v94.a56007","article-title":"Indoor\nAir Pollution: NO, NO2, CO2, and CO","volume":"94","author":"Alberts","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Allergy\nClin. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit21","unstructured":"Environmental\nProtection Agency\n(EPA)\n          . 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WHO Global Air\nQuality Guidelines: Particulate\nMatter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and\nCarbon Monoxide; World Health Organization: Geneva, 2021."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5737","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07189","article-title":"Quantifying\nMethane Emissions from Natural Gas Water Heaters","volume":"54","author":"Lebel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit27","unstructured":"Chan, W.; Kim, Y.-S.; Delp, W.; Walker, I.; Singer, B.\n          Data from: Indoor Air Quality in California\nHomes with Code-Required Mechanical Ventilation. 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Estimated U.S. Average Vehicle Emissions Rates per Vehicle\nby Vehicle Type Using Gasoline and Diesel. https:\/\/www.bts.gov\/content\/estimated-national-average-vehicle-emissions-rates-vehicle-vehicle-type-using-gasoline-and."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04303","article-title":"Methane Leaks\nfrom Natural Gas Systems\nFollow Extreme Distributions","author":"Brandt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit33","unstructured":"DNV GL Energy Insights USA Inc.\n          \n          2019 California\nResidential Appliance Saturation Study, Publication Number:\nCEC-200-2021-005-ES; DNV GL Energy Insights USA Inc., 2019."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pollutant Emission Factors from Residential\nNatural Gas Appliances: A Literature Review","author":"Traynor","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Natural\nGas Variability in California: Environmental Impacts and Device Performance:\nExperimental Evaluation of Pollutant Emissions from Residential Appliances","author":"Singer","year":"2009","journal-title":"LBNL"},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306673","article-title":"Pollutant Exposures\nfrom Natural Gas Cooking Burners: A Simulation-Based Assessment for\nSouthern California","volume":"122","author":"Logue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026081414092767400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04657","article-title":"Beyond-the-Meter: Unaccounted Sources\nof Methane Emissions\nin the Natural Gas Distribution Sector","author":"Saint-Vincent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.1c04707","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/56\/4\/2529\/3691498\/es1c04707.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/56\/4\/2529\/3691498\/es1c04707.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:14:39Z","timestamp":1786731279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/56\/4\/2529\/382806\/Methane-and-NOx-Emissions-from-Natural-Gas-Stoves"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.1c04707","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]}}}