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Presently, adverse health effects of ambient SBTEX exposure in highly polluted regions, such as the Gulf States, must be evaluated. Epidemiologists, however, are limited by inadequate estimates of ambient SBTEX. Using Bayesian Maximum Entropy, SBTEX estimation methods of varying resource intensity were evaluated, including simple kriging (least intense), incorporation of observational and emissions data trends (moderately intense), and data fusion of observed and Comprehensive Air quality Model with extensions (CAMx) data (most intense). Generally, as resource intensity increased, so did SBTEX estimation performance, where SBTEX Spearman R values increased by 0.48 on average from the least to most intense methods. Data fusion of observed and CAMx data was identified as the best ambient SBTEX estimation method in the Gulf States. Exposure estimates revealed that Gulf States residences within commuting distance of high industrial activity experienced 1.64 times higher 97.5th percentile daily exposures to SBTEX on average than those living in less industrialized areas, which could contribute to total occupational and ambient exposure disparities. Furthermore, ambient benzene exposure was greater than the acceptable one-in-a-million excess cancer risk threshold for 75% of estimated residence locations in the Gulf States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c05094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T23:50:00Z","timestamp":1735948200000},"page":"45-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation\nof Bayesian\nMaximum Entropy Data Fusion\nApproaches to Estimate Styrene, Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and\nXylenes and to Inform Epidemiological Analyses in the US Gulf States"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5425-8352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nora A.","family":"Abbott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Semone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Strott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praful","family":"Dodda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Tsan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University , , , ,","place":["Fairfax, Virginia, United States, 22030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-6325","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bok Haeng","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University , , , ,","place":["Fairfax, Virginia, United States, 22030"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence S.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Vizuete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc L.","family":"Serre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026081212020593900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-5261-2023","article-title":"Spatiotemporally\nResolved Emissions and Concentrations\nof Styrene, Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (SBTEX) in\nthe US Gulf Region","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081212020593900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-51","article-title":"Spatial Variability\nin Levels of\nBenzene, Formaldehyde, and Total Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and\nXylenes in New York City: A Land-Use Regression Study","volume":"11","author":"Kheirbek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"2026081212020593900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.05.004","article-title":"Blood BTEX Levels\nand Neurologic Symptoms in Gulf States\nResidents","volume":"175","author":"Werder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081212020593900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0098-x","article-title":"Determinants of\nEnvironmental Styrene Exposure in Gulf\nCoast Residents","volume":"29","author":"Werder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026081212020593900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104s5871","article-title":"Measurement\nof Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Blood","volume":"104","author":"Ashley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026081212020593900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.09.025","article-title":"Environmental\nStyrene Exposure and\nNeurologic Symptoms in U.S. Gulf Coast Residents","volume":"121","author":"Werder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081212020593900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2013.78","article-title":"Geospatial\nRelationships of Air Pollution and Acute\nAsthma Events across the Detroit\u2013Windsor International Border:\nStudy Design and Preliminary Results","volume":"24","author":"Lemke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Expo.\nSci. Environ. 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