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Females, in contrast to males, exhibit unique pathways for PFAS exposure and excretion, leading to complex health outcomes. The health status of females is largely influenced by hormone-related processes. PFAS have been reported to be associated with various aspects of female health, including reproductive system disorders and pregnancy-related diseases. In this article, we provide insights into the correlations between PFAS and female-prevalent diseases. Current epidemiological and toxicological evidence has demonstrated that the adverse effects of PFAS on the health of the female reproductive system are primarily attributed to the disruption of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal (HPG) axis and hormonal homeostasis. However, these findings do not sufficiently elucidate the intricate associations between PFAS and specific diseases. Furthermore, autoimmune disorders, another category that is more prevalent in women compared to men, require additional investigation. Immune biomarkers pertinent to autoimmune disorders have been observed to be influenced by PFAS exposure, although epidemiological evidence is insufficient to substantiate these relations. Further thorough exploration encompassing epidemiological and toxicological studies is essential to elucidating the inherent influence of PFAS on human pathologies. Additionally, comprehensive investigations into female health issues beyond their reproductive functions is essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c08701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T08:08:27Z","timestamp":1736755707000},"page":"1469-1486","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl\nSubstances and Female Health\nConcern: Gender-based Accumulation Differences, Adverse Outcomes,\nand Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310024"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2570-9468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minmin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310024"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province and Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Technology of Zhejiang Province , ,","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengquan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province and Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Technology of Zhejiang Province , ,","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2805-5535","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaqi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310024"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9946-1525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yali","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100085"]},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310024"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090712220598400_cit1","volume-title":"PFASs\nand Alternatives in Cosmetics: Report on Commercial Availability and\nCurrent Uses","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090712220598400_cit2","volume-title":"The\nnew POPs under the Stockholm Convention"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090712220598400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0094-1","article-title":"A Review of the\nPathways of Human Exposure to Poly-\nand Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Present Understanding of\nHealth Effects","volume":"29","author":"Sunderland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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