{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:29:18Z","timestamp":1790875758754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c10001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T14:38:51Z","timestamp":1739630331000},"page":"3759-3770","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A High Efficiency Method for the Extraction and Quantitative Analysis of 45 PFAS in Whole Fish"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3474-9602","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Balgooyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SpecPro Professional Services, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madelynn","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-4539","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brett R.","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin L.","family":"Pulster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 East New Haven Road, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Mahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2806-1895","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryan F.","family":"Lepak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will J.","family":"Backe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","unstructured":"Portal on Per and Poly Fluorinated Chemicals: What are PFAS and what\nare they used for?; Organisation for Economic\nCo-operation and Development (OECD). https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/chemicalsafety\/portal-perfluorinated-chemicals\/aboutpfass (accessed 2023-11)."},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es2011622"},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.07.024"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23362"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","unstructured":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Firefighting\nFoams; Interstate Technology Regulatory Council\n(ITRC), 2023. https:\/\/pfas-1.itrcweb.org\/3-firefighting-foams (accessed 2023-11)."},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00481"},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4890"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151003"},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140017"},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.10.023"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144795"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11050446"},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129120"},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01951"},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153561"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156397"},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165939"},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","unstructured":"Human and ecological\nhealth effects of select PFAS; Interstate\nTechnology Regulatory Council (ITRC), 2023. https:\/\/pfas-1.itrcweb.org\/7-human-and-ecological-health-effects-of-select-pfas (accessed 2024-02)."},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","unstructured":"What are the health effects\nof PFAS?; Agency\nfor Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2024. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/health-effects\/index.html (accessed 2024-02)."},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051668"},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","unstructured":"May, C. PFAS: A global perspective.; Norton Rose Fulbright, 2024. https:\/\/www.nortonrosefulbright.com\/en\/knowledge\/publications\/4ef321ae\/pfas-a-global-perspective (accessed 2024-06)."},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es900228k"},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110284"},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115165"},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0620484"},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03734"},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EM00265K"},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132688"},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119739"},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es062792o"},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es405018b"},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c02965"},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114057"},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20216984"},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764215607578"},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","unstructured":"Goldstein, B. Great Lakes pollution threatens Ojibwe treaty rights to fish; Wisconsin Watch, 2023. https:\/\/wisconsinwatch.org\/2023\/02\/great-lakes-pollution-ojibwe-treaty-rights-to-fish."},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es062612a"},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","volume-title":"Fact Sheet: 2010\/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","volume-title":"EPA and 3M announce phase out of PFOS","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-023-00721-8"},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00255"},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122506"},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","volume-title":"Human Health Toxicity Assessment for GenX Chemicals","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154237"},{"key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c00675"},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-024-05125-y"},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04867-5"},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","volume-title":"Method 1633: Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Aqueous, Solid, Biosolids, and Tissue Samples by LC-MS\/MS"},{"key":"ref49\/cit49","unstructured":"Pulster, E.; Giardina, M. Analysis of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances in edible fish tissue using Agilent Captiva EMR-Lipid and LC\/MS\/MS; Application Note 5994-5227EN; Agilent, 2022. https:\/\/www.agilent.com\/cs\/library\/applications\/an-captiva-emr-lipid-5994-5227en-agilent.pdf."},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00323"},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6125-1"},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac020361s"},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04949"},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","volume-title":"40 CFR Part 136, Appendix B"},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","unstructured":"Shoemaker, J. A.; Grimmet, P. E.; Boutin, B. K. Method 537. Determination of Selected Perfluorinate Alkyl Acids in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography\/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC\/MS\/MS); EPA\/600\/R-08\/092; US Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/si\/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NERL=198984 (accessed 2024-03)."},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","unstructured":"McCarty, H. B.; Schofield, J.; Miller, K.; Brent, R. N.; Van Hoof, P.; Eadie, B. Results of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study: Polychlorinated Biphenyls and trans-Nonachlor Data Report; EPA 905 R-01-011; US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office, 2004."},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","unstructured":"Rossmann, R. Results of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Project: Polychlorinated Biphenyls Modeling Report; EPA-600\/R-04\/167; US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office, 2006."},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","unstructured":"Lake\nMichigan Mass Balance Study (LMMB) Methods Compendium, Vol.\n1: Sample Collection Techniques; US EPA Great\nLakes National Program Office, 1997."},{"key":"ref59\/cit59","volume-title":"Great Lakes Fish Monitoring and Surveillance","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref60\/cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7367"},{"key":"ref61\/cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lepak, R. F.; Tate, M. T.; Janssen, S. E. Using mercury, carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios to understand mercury concentrations in Great Lakes fish from 1977-present: US Geological Survey data release, 2024.10.5066\/P13PLW9S.","DOI":"10.5066\/P13PLW9S"},{"key":"ref62\/cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es061052c"},{"key":"ref63\/cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac070802d"},{"key":"ref64\/cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137722"},{"key":"ref65\/cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4012"},{"key":"ref66\/cit66","unstructured":"Willey, J.; Hanley, A.; Anderson, R.; Leeson, A.; Thompson, T. Multi-Laboratory Validation Study for Analysis of PFAS by EPA Draft Method 1633 (Vol. IV): Tissue; SERDP Project ER19-1409; Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, 2024. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2024-01\/mlvs_vol_iv_tissue_01312024.pdf (accessed 2024-03)."},{"key":"ref67\/cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.06.062"},{"key":"ref68\/cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.05.023"},{"key":"ref69\/cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131775"},{"key":"ref70\/cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.01.089"},{"key":"ref71\/cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.04.014"},{"key":"ref72\/cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.10.049"},{"key":"ref73\/cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b06773"},{"key":"ref74\/cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146151"},{"key":"ref75\/cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02399"},{"key":"ref76\/cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.03.014"},{"key":"ref77\/cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi8030083"},{"key":"ref78\/cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2008.02.003"},{"key":"ref79\/cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164903"},{"key":"ref80\/cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101342"},{"key":"ref81\/cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10010012"},{"key":"ref82\/cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.202001263"},{"key":"ref83\/cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1046667"},{"key":"ref84\/cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-03962-3"},{"key":"ref85\/cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150361"},{"key":"ref86\/cit86","unstructured":"Schlessel, D.; Richard, J.; Kennedy, D.; Lodge, S. Method validation of a C4-C18 PFAS panel from water extracts using dual-mode SPE followed by LC-MS\/MS; Phenomenex: TN-0144, 2021. https:\/\/phenomenex.blob.core.windows.net\/documents\/9535e62b-b646-492c-89a7-712b3f1e010b.pdf."},{"key":"ref87\/cit87","volume-title":"Standard Reference Material 1946 Certificate of Analysis","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref88\/cit88","volume-title":"Comparison of a measurement result with the certified value","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref89\/cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-5943-5"},{"key":"ref90\/cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.4c00143"},{"key":"ref91\/cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c07016"},{"key":"ref92\/cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151563"},{"key":"ref93\/cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167798"},{"key":"ref94\/cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods3040622"},{"key":"ref95\/cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133483"},{"key":"ref96\/cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07415"},{"key":"ref97\/cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107951"},{"key":"ref98\/cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c06600"},{"key":"ref99\/cit99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.1c00348"},{"key":"ref100\/cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(78)72198-2"},{"key":"ref101\/cit101","unstructured":"PFAS EPA Method 1633: Answers to six key questions; ALS Global, 2022. https:\/\/www.alsglobal.com\/en\/news-and-publications\/2024\/05\/pfas-epa-method-1633-sampling (accessed 2024-12)."},{"key":"ref102\/cit102","volume-title":"Consolidated Quality Systems Manual (QSM) for Environmental Laboratories","author":"Nebelsick J.","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref103\/cit103","unstructured":"Great Lakes cooperation\nhelps solve PFAS in smelt mystery; Michigan\nDepartment of Environment, Great Lakes,\nand Energy, 2024. https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/egle\/newsroom\/mi-environment\/2024\/04\/12\/great-lakes-cooperation-helps-solve-pfas-in-smelt-mystery (accessed 2024-12)."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.4c10001","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.4c10001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T11:39:38Z","timestamp":1740483578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.est.4c10001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/acs.est.4c10001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.4c10001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]}}}