{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T14:26:13Z","timestamp":1786803973775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442793600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442793600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442793600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006138","name":"Office of Environmental Management","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3EMMRTDX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3EMMRTDX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The impact of mercury (Hg) on human and ecological health has been known for decades. Although a treaty signed in 2013 by 147 nations regulates future large-scale mercury emissions, legacy Hg contamination exists worldwide and small-scale releases will continue. The fate of elemental mercury, Hg(0), lost to the subsurface and its potential chemical transformation that can lead to changes in speciation and mobility are poorly understood. Here, we show that Hg(0) beads interact with soil or manganese oxide solids and X-ray spectroscopic analysis indicates that the soluble mercury coatings are HgO. Dissolution studies show that, after reacting with a composite soil, &amp;gt;20 times more Hg is released into water from the coated beads than from a pure liquid mercury bead. An even larger, &amp;gt;700 times, release occurs from coated Hg(0) beads that have been reacted with manganese oxide, suggesting that manganese oxides are involved in the transformation of the Hg(0) beads and creation of the soluble mercury coatings. Although the coatings may inhibit Hg(0) evaporation, the high solubility of the coatings can enhance Hg\u00ad(II) migration away from the Hg(0)-spill site and result in potential changes in mercury speciation in the soil and increased mercury mobility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T17:35:28Z","timestamp":1442856928000},"page":"12105-12111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Formation\nof Soluble Mercury Oxide Coatings: Transformation\nof Elemental Mercury in Soils"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Carrie L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Troy University , Troy , Alabama 36082 ,","place":["United\nStates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian P.","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane Y.","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Hitachi High Technologies Canada, Incorporated , Toronto , Ontario M9W 6A4 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra H.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University of Technology , , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310032 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.12.011","article-title":"Contribution\nof contaminated sites to the global mercury budget","volume":"125","author":"Kocman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242838","article-title":"Global change and mercury","volume":"341","author":"Krabbenhoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(02)01550-7","article-title":"Selective extractions\nto assess the biogeochemically relevant fractionation of inorganic\nmercury in sediments and soils","volume":"479","author":"Bloom","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chim.\nActa"},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G00C03","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JG000745","article-title":"Competition\namong thiols and inorganic sulfides and polysulfides for Hg and MeHg\nin wetland soils and sediments under suboxic conditions: Illumination\nof controversies and implications for MeHg net production","volume":"113","author":"Skyllberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160050444","article-title":"Quantification of mercury in soils and sediments -\nAcid digestion versus pyrolysis","volume":"358","author":"Biester","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fresenius\u2019\nJ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.07.011","article-title":"Mercury speciation analyses in HgCl2-contaminated soils and groundwater - Implications for risk\nassessment and remediation strategies","volume":"42","author":"Bollen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.03.013","article-title":"Characterization of soils from an industrial complex contaminated\nwith elemental mercury","volume":"125","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1039\/b403625e","article-title":"Mercury fractionation\nin contaminated\nsoils from the Idrija mercury mine region","volume":"6","author":"Kocman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\nEnviron. Monit."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5102","DOI":"10.1021\/es0341485","article-title":"2003.Mercury speciation\nby X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and sequential chemical\nextractions: a comparison of speciation methods","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(03)00147-1","article-title":"Geological and anthropogenic factors\ninfluencing mercury speciation in mine wastes: an EXAFS spectroscopy\nstudy","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. 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Pollut."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1021\/es035444k","article-title":"Dark oxidation\nof dissolved and liquid\nelemental mercury in aquatic environments","volume":"39","author":"Amyot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1021\/es990788p","article-title":"Arsenic adsorption\nand oxidation at Manganite surfaces.\n1. Method for simultaneous determination of adsorbed and dissolved\narsenic species","volume":"34","author":"Chiu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1021\/es00025a006","article-title":"Chromium (III) oxidation\nby delta-MnO2 1.\nCharacterization","volume":"26","author":"Fendorf","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2002.0306","article-title":"Oxidation of chromium\u00ad(III)\nto (VI) by manganese oxides","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc.\nAm. J."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1021\/es981162m","article-title":"Reduction and oxidation processes\nof chromium in soils","volume":"34","author":"Kozuh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.2138\/am-1997-11-1213","article-title":"Structural\nmechanism of Co2+ oxidation by the phyllomanganate buserite","volume":"82","author":"Manceau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/291050a0","article-title":"Oxidative\npower of Mn\u00ad(IV) and Fe\u00ad(III) oxides with respect to As\u00ad(III) in terrestrial\nand aquatic environments","volume":"291","author":"Oscarson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3447","article-title":"Manganese\noxide minerals: Crystal structures and economic and environmental\nsignificance","volume":"96","author":"Post","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1992.03615995005600010013x","article-title":"Spectroscopic study\nof surface redox reaction with\nmanganese oxides","volume":"56","author":"Risser","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2004.01.015","article-title":"The effects\nof MnO2 on sorption and\noxidation of Cr\u00ad(III) by soils","volume":"122","author":"Stepniewska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2012.09.053","article-title":"Uraninite\noxidation and dissolution induced by manganese oxide: A redox reaction\nbetween two insoluble minerals","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim.\nActa"},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7653","DOI":"10.1021\/es070819d","article-title":"Uranium deposition in a weathered\nfractured Saprolite\/Shale","volume":"41","author":"Phillips","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(95)00126-S","article-title":"Possilbe mechanism\nof elemental mercury oxidation in the presence of SH compounds in\naqueous-solution","volume":"31","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(96)00008-2","article-title":"Stimulation\nof elemental mercury oxidation in the presence of chloride ion in\naquatic environments","volume":"32","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7322","DOI":"10.1021\/es070268r","article-title":"Simulation\nof the chemical fate and bioavailability of liquic elemental mercury\ndrops from gold mining in Amazonian freshwater systems","volume":"41","author":"Dominique","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2011.12.003","article-title":"Mercury adsorption\nand oxidation in coal combustion and gasification processes","volume":"90\u201391","author":"Wilcox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1021\/es9021206","article-title":"Catalytic Oxidation of Elemental\nMercury over the Modified\nCatalyst Mn\/alpha-Al2O3 at Lower Temperatures","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1021\/ie801478w","article-title":"Adsorption and Catalytic Oxidation of Gaseous Elemental\nMercury in Flue Gas over MnOx\/Alumina","volume":"48","author":"Qiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ind.\nEng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit35","first-page":"26","article-title":"Removal of\nelemental mercury from dry methane gas with manganese oxides","volume":"32","author":"Takenami","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci., Eng. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.03.060","article-title":"Catalytic oxidation of Hg-0 by CuO-MnO2-Fe2O3\/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst","volume":"225","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4967","DOI":"10.1021\/es305071v","article-title":"Mercury as\na Global Pollutant: Sources, Pathways, and Effects","volume":"47","author":"Driscoll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1021\/es001408z","article-title":"Photooxidation of Hg(0)\nin artificial and natural waters","volume":"35","author":"Lalonde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1021\/es034394g","article-title":"Photoinduced oxidation\nof Hg-0 (aq) in the waters from the St. Lawrence\nestuary","volume":"38","author":"Lalonde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02385609","article-title":"Selected properties\nof simple amalgams","volume":"24","author":"Guminski","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(67)80063-X","article-title":"Kinetics of reduction\nof Mn2+ at dropping\nmercury electrode","volume":"12","author":"Gaur","year":"1967","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6742(99)00027-8","article-title":"Mercury speciation\nin tailings of\nthe Idrija mercury mine","volume":"65","author":"Biester","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-008-9679-y","article-title":"Soil remediation - Mercury speciation\nin soil and vapor\nphase during thermal treatment","volume":"193","author":"Taube","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water, Air,\nSoil Pollut."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2005.11.020","article-title":"On the mechanisms of\ndissolution of montroydite HgO(s): Dependence of the dissolution rate\non pH, temperature, and stirring rate","volume":"297","author":"Hocsman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Colloid\nInterface Sci."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(97)00293-8","article-title":"Atmospheric mercury - An overview","volume":"32","author":"Schroeder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.03.015","article-title":"The distribution\nof mercury around the samll-scale gold mining area along the Cikaniki\nriver, Bogar, Indonesia","volume":"125","author":"Tomiyasu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026081501100016500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.11.009","article-title":"The redox processes\nin Hg-contaminated soils from Descoberto (Minas Gerais, Brazil): Implications\nfor the mercury cycle","volume":"112","author":"Windmo\u0308ller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ.\nSaf."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081501100016500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422007000500007","article-title":"Distribution\nand mercury speciation in sediment gold mining areas of the Iron Quadrangle\n(MG)","volume":"30","author":"Windmoller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quim. Nova"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b00263","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/49\/20\/12105\/7989359\/es5b00263.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/49\/20\/12105\/7989359\/es5b00263.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T13:27:54Z","timestamp":1786800474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/49\/20\/12105\/780618\/Formation-of-Soluble-Mercury-Oxide-Coatings"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b00263","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]}}}